Assessing trends in urban municipal water use across the Great Lakes Basin

IF 2.4 3区 环境科学与生态学 Q3 ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
James A. Polidori , Hannah L. Paulson , Andrew D. Gronewold
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Abstract

Municipal water use has been decreasing in the Great Lakes region since the 1970s, though the driving forces behind this decline are not clear. We analyzed this trend by calculating and comparing residential per capita water use across select cities to five socioeconomic factors. Our findings reinforced previous research by indicating that water use, and residential water use in particular, has been decreasing across all five municipalities in our study. We also find the percentage of white residents served by a municipal water supplier to be positively associated with per capita water use, while income inequality is negatively associated with per capita water use. We find per capita water use to be strongly associated with service area population. Water use shifts coincided with abrupt changes in water supply service areas in two of the five cities in our study, underscoring the significance of the rationale for differentiating total water pumped to a distribution system from per capita metered residential use. Our findings have important implications for the economy, the citizens, and the ecosystems of the Great Lakes. They further dovetail with a vision for water use policies guided not just by trends in metered water use, but also by historical and projected changes in the demographics of water users. The relationships observed in our study may help guide water use policies by addressing current and potential future inequities in water distribution and water affordability, and improving understanding of relationships between trends in consumptive use and the regional water balance.

评估五大湖流域城市用水趋势
自 20 世纪 70 年代以来,五大湖区的市政用水量一直在下降,但其背后的驱动力尚不明确。我们通过计算和比较选定城市的居民人均用水量和五个社会经济因素来分析这一趋势。我们的研究结果表明,在我们研究的所有五个城市中,用水量,尤其是居民用水量一直在下降,这加强了之前的研究结果。我们还发现,由城市供水公司提供服务的白人居民比例与人均用水量呈正相关,而收入不平等与人均用水量呈负相关。我们发现人均用水量与服务区人口密切相关。在我们研究的五个城市中,有两个城市的用水量变化与供水服务区的突然变化相吻合,这突出说明了将泵送到配水系统的总用水量与居民人均用水量区分开来的合理性。我们的研究结果对五大湖的经济、居民和生态系统都有重要影响。这些研究结果还与用水政策的愿景相吻合,用水政策不仅要以计量用水量的变化趋势为指导,还要考虑用水户人口结构的历史和预测变化。我们在研究中观察到的关系可能有助于指导用水政策,解决目前和未来可能出现的水资源分配不均和水资源可负担性问题,并加深对消耗性用水趋势和区域水资源平衡之间关系的理解。
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来源期刊
Journal of Great Lakes Research
Journal of Great Lakes Research 生物-海洋与淡水生物学
CiteScore
5.10
自引率
13.60%
发文量
178
审稿时长
6 months
期刊介绍: Published six times per year, the Journal of Great Lakes Research is multidisciplinary in its coverage, publishing manuscripts on a wide range of theoretical and applied topics in the natural science fields of biology, chemistry, physics, geology, as well as social sciences of the large lakes of the world and their watersheds. Large lakes generally are considered as those lakes which have a mean surface area of >500 km2 (see Herdendorf, C.E. 1982. Large lakes of the world. J. Great Lakes Res. 8:379-412, for examples), although smaller lakes may be considered, especially if they are very deep. We also welcome contributions on saline lakes and research on estuarine waters where the results have application to large lakes.
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