Water Pollution and Cancer: An Updated Review

Abstract

Water pollution refers to the contamination of water bodies such as lakes, rivers, and groundwater with harmful substances, leading to serious health hazards. One major concern linked to water pollution is its association with cancer. Numerous studies have substantiated that exposure to contaminants in polluted water sources can significantly increase the risk of developing various types of cancers. Chemicals like heavy metals (e.g., arsenic, lead), industrial pollutants (e.g., benzene, vinyl chloride), and pesticides have been detected in contaminated water supplies worldwide. These carcinogens not only contaminate the water but also accumulate in aquatic organisms consumed by humans, ultimately entering our food chain. Certain chemicals act as mutagens or tumor promoters, damaging DNA and causing genetic mutations that can lead to cancer development. Additionally, long-term exposure to these pollutants can weaken the immune system’s ability to fight off cancer cells effectively. Consequently, preventive actions must be undertaken swiftly at domestic, industrial, and governmental levels to reduce this pervasive threat through regulated waste disposal practices and advanced purification technologies.