{"title":"Madrid Metropolitan Forest and the water cycle","authors":"Margarita Jover","doi":"10.1080/18626033.2023.2258721","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractIn the context of global warming and increasing aridity in Spain, Madrid’s Strategic Planning Office is investing in 4,300 ha of forest to link the existing 27,700 ha of large parks. The 32,000-ha Metropolitan Forest aims to improve the quality of life in the city. It is divided into five zones. The 1,250- ha Zone Four project explores a design alternative to the area’s dominant hardscaped plaza and high-maintenance nineteenth-century park from the notion of the artificial pastoral. It magnifies the water cycle in three new and recovered historical aspects: increased floodable areas, a network of natural and artificial green-blue infrastructures, and an increased volume of used regenerated water and sludge to support a palette of forested landscapes. The project also contributes to slow mobility, civic nodes and connectivity infrastructures between the city and the Metropolitan Forest. Historically, compact Mediterranean cities like Madrid have had an aversion to trees. Fortunately, recent initiatives by the city are changing course, allowing both urban forestry and forest urbanism to flourish.Keywords: ForestsMadridgreenbeltwater infrastructurewater cycle Notes1 Retrieved from the Metropolitan Forest website: bosquemetropolitano.madrid.es.2 The Directorate General for Strategic Planning (Direccion General de Planificacion Estrategica, DGPE) has taken on the task of launching the Metropolitan Forested Green Belt project in 2020. The DGPE has organized five zones and launched an international competition. The results can be seen on the website estrategiaurbana.madrid.es/concurso-bosque-metropolitano/.3 The firm of aldayjover architecture and landscape is based in Barcelona and New Orleans, aldayjover.com.4 Geographical distribution of drylands, delimited based on the aridity index (AI). The classification of AI is: Humid AI ▸ 0.65, Dry sub-humid 0.50 ▸ AI ≤ 0.65, Semi-arid 0.20 ▸ AI ≤ 0.50, Arid 0.05 ▸ AI ≤ 0.20, Hyper-arid AI ▸ 0.05. See: John T. Abatzoglou et al., TerraClimate Precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration (1980–2015) (2018), ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-3/.5 Andrés Álvarez Flórez, Aquellos bulevares de Madrid: antecedentes, aparición y evolución de las grandes vías arboladas de Madrid (PhD thesis, 2022), oa.upm.es/70288/1/TFG_Enero22_Alvarez_Florez_Andres.pdf.6 The storm Filomena in January 2021 had a catastrophic effect on Madrid’s trees, see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Filomena.7 Terrain vague is a French term used by Ignasi de Sola Morales to describe unproductive spaces and precious spaces of freedom. Ignasi de Solà-Morales Rubió, Presente y Futuros: Arquitectura en las ciudades (Barcelona: Collegi d’arquitectes de Catalunya/Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 1996), 10-23.8 Gilles Clément, ‘The Planetary Garden’ and Other Writings, translated by Sandra Morris (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).9 The forest inventory statistics on land and forest area are based on UN-FAO/ECE TBFRA2000 data: unece.org/unece/trade/timber/fra/welcome.htm. Information on the satellite image: Risto Päivinen et al., Combining Earth Observation Data and Forest Statistics: EFI Research Report 14 (European Forest Institute, Joint Research Centre–European Commission, EUR 19911 EN, 2001). Map retrieved from: eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/forest-map-of-europe-1.10 Tim Marshall, The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World (London: Elliott and Thompson, 2021).11 2015-Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016. Its overarching goal is to hold ‘the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ and pursue efforts ‘to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels’. See: unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.12 Existing millennia-old network of paths of varying sizes for the seasonal movement of livestock, particularly cows and sheep moving north-south. See: comunidad.madrid/servicios/medio-rural/red-vias-pecuarias-comunidad-madrid.13 Sophie Gonick, ‘Interrogating Madrid’s “Slum of Shame”: Urban Expansion, Race, and Place-Based Activisms in the Cañada Real Galiana’, Antipode 47 (2015), 1224–1242.14 See: bosquemetropolitano.madrid.es/bosque-del-manana/.15 Carmen Sánchez, Miguel Núñez Peiró and Javier Neila, ‘Urban Heat Island and Vulnerable Population: The Case of Madrid’, in: Pilar Mercader-Moyano (ed.), Sustainable Development and Renovation in Architecture, Urbanism and Engineering (Cham: Springer, 2018), 3–13.16 Pedro Martínez-Santos and Pedro Alfaro, ‘A Brief Historical Account of Madrid’s Qanats’, Ground Water 50/4 (2012), 645–653.17 2002 Public Space European Award goes to a floodable park and amphitheater bull fight arena designed by aldayjover. See: publicspace.org/works/-/project/b009-recuperacion-delcauce-y-riberas-del-rio-gallego. The award was organized by the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona together with six other European institutions: The Architecture Foundation, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Architektur–zentrum Wien, Netherlands Architecture Institute, German Architecture Museum and the Museum of Finnish Architecture. See also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ Prize_for_Urban_Public_Space; Work exposed at the 2nd International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam, 2005, iabr.nl/en/editie/the-flood, 172.18 European Commission, European Red List of Habitats, ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/redlist_en.htm; and guidelines on the EU2020 Biodiversity Strategy.Additional informationNotes on contributorsMargarita JoverMargarita Jover is professor of Architecture at Tulane University and the co-founder of aldayjover architecture and landscape. The offices’s work focuses on a new approach to the relationship between cities and rivers, integrating infrastructure into the urban realm to create hybrid architectures and landscapes. In addition to numerous parks, the office has completed several restorations of historical buildings and social housing projects, interweaving different scales of collective and public spaces. The practice has received awards, including the European Urban Public Space Prize (2002) and the FAD Prize for City and Landscape (2009). Jover is co-editor with Alex Wall of Ecologies of Prosperity, for the Living City (ORO Editors, 2019).","PeriodicalId":43606,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Landscape Architecture","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Journal of Landscape Architecture","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/18626033.2023.2258721","RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"艺术学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"0","JCRName":"ARCHITECTURE","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
AbstractIn the context of global warming and increasing aridity in Spain, Madrid’s Strategic Planning Office is investing in 4,300 ha of forest to link the existing 27,700 ha of large parks. The 32,000-ha Metropolitan Forest aims to improve the quality of life in the city. It is divided into five zones. The 1,250- ha Zone Four project explores a design alternative to the area’s dominant hardscaped plaza and high-maintenance nineteenth-century park from the notion of the artificial pastoral. It magnifies the water cycle in three new and recovered historical aspects: increased floodable areas, a network of natural and artificial green-blue infrastructures, and an increased volume of used regenerated water and sludge to support a palette of forested landscapes. The project also contributes to slow mobility, civic nodes and connectivity infrastructures between the city and the Metropolitan Forest. Historically, compact Mediterranean cities like Madrid have had an aversion to trees. Fortunately, recent initiatives by the city are changing course, allowing both urban forestry and forest urbanism to flourish.Keywords: ForestsMadridgreenbeltwater infrastructurewater cycle Notes1 Retrieved from the Metropolitan Forest website: bosquemetropolitano.madrid.es.2 The Directorate General for Strategic Planning (Direccion General de Planificacion Estrategica, DGPE) has taken on the task of launching the Metropolitan Forested Green Belt project in 2020. The DGPE has organized five zones and launched an international competition. The results can be seen on the website estrategiaurbana.madrid.es/concurso-bosque-metropolitano/.3 The firm of aldayjover architecture and landscape is based in Barcelona and New Orleans, aldayjover.com.4 Geographical distribution of drylands, delimited based on the aridity index (AI). The classification of AI is: Humid AI ▸ 0.65, Dry sub-humid 0.50 ▸ AI ≤ 0.65, Semi-arid 0.20 ▸ AI ≤ 0.50, Arid 0.05 ▸ AI ≤ 0.20, Hyper-arid AI ▸ 0.05. See: John T. Abatzoglou et al., TerraClimate Precipitation and Potential Evapotranspiration (1980–2015) (2018), ipcc.ch/srccl/chapter/chapter-3/.5 Andrés Álvarez Flórez, Aquellos bulevares de Madrid: antecedentes, aparición y evolución de las grandes vías arboladas de Madrid (PhD thesis, 2022), oa.upm.es/70288/1/TFG_Enero22_Alvarez_Florez_Andres.pdf.6 The storm Filomena in January 2021 had a catastrophic effect on Madrid’s trees, see: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storm_Filomena.7 Terrain vague is a French term used by Ignasi de Sola Morales to describe unproductive spaces and precious spaces of freedom. Ignasi de Solà-Morales Rubió, Presente y Futuros: Arquitectura en las ciudades (Barcelona: Collegi d’arquitectes de Catalunya/Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona, 1996), 10-23.8 Gilles Clément, ‘The Planetary Garden’ and Other Writings, translated by Sandra Morris (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015).9 The forest inventory statistics on land and forest area are based on UN-FAO/ECE TBFRA2000 data: unece.org/unece/trade/timber/fra/welcome.htm. Information on the satellite image: Risto Päivinen et al., Combining Earth Observation Data and Forest Statistics: EFI Research Report 14 (European Forest Institute, Joint Research Centre–European Commission, EUR 19911 EN, 2001). Map retrieved from: eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/figures/forest-map-of-europe-1.10 Tim Marshall, The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World (London: Elliott and Thompson, 2021).11 2015-Paris Agreement. The Paris Agreement is a legally binding international treaty on climate change. It was adopted by 196 Parties at the UN Climate Change Conference (COP21) in Paris, France, on 12 December 2015. It entered into force on 4 November 2016. Its overarching goal is to hold ‘the increase in the global average temperature to well below 2°C above pre-industrial levels’ and pursue efforts ‘to limit the temperature increase to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels’. See: unfccc.int/process-and-meetings/the-paris-agreement.12 Existing millennia-old network of paths of varying sizes for the seasonal movement of livestock, particularly cows and sheep moving north-south. See: comunidad.madrid/servicios/medio-rural/red-vias-pecuarias-comunidad-madrid.13 Sophie Gonick, ‘Interrogating Madrid’s “Slum of Shame”: Urban Expansion, Race, and Place-Based Activisms in the Cañada Real Galiana’, Antipode 47 (2015), 1224–1242.14 See: bosquemetropolitano.madrid.es/bosque-del-manana/.15 Carmen Sánchez, Miguel Núñez Peiró and Javier Neila, ‘Urban Heat Island and Vulnerable Population: The Case of Madrid’, in: Pilar Mercader-Moyano (ed.), Sustainable Development and Renovation in Architecture, Urbanism and Engineering (Cham: Springer, 2018), 3–13.16 Pedro Martínez-Santos and Pedro Alfaro, ‘A Brief Historical Account of Madrid’s Qanats’, Ground Water 50/4 (2012), 645–653.17 2002 Public Space European Award goes to a floodable park and amphitheater bull fight arena designed by aldayjover. See: publicspace.org/works/-/project/b009-recuperacion-delcauce-y-riberas-del-rio-gallego. The award was organized by the Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona together with six other European institutions: The Architecture Foundation, Cité de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine, Architektur–zentrum Wien, Netherlands Architecture Institute, German Architecture Museum and the Museum of Finnish Architecture. See also: en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ Prize_for_Urban_Public_Space; Work exposed at the 2nd International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam, 2005, iabr.nl/en/editie/the-flood, 172.18 European Commission, European Red List of Habitats, ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/redlist_en.htm; and guidelines on the EU2020 Biodiversity Strategy.Additional informationNotes on contributorsMargarita JoverMargarita Jover is professor of Architecture at Tulane University and the co-founder of aldayjover architecture and landscape. The offices’s work focuses on a new approach to the relationship between cities and rivers, integrating infrastructure into the urban realm to create hybrid architectures and landscapes. In addition to numerous parks, the office has completed several restorations of historical buildings and social housing projects, interweaving different scales of collective and public spaces. The practice has received awards, including the European Urban Public Space Prize (2002) and the FAD Prize for City and Landscape (2009). Jover is co-editor with Alex Wall of Ecologies of Prosperity, for the Living City (ORO Editors, 2019).
看到:publicspace.org/works/-/project/b009-recuperacion-delcauce-y-riberas-del-rio-gallego。该奖项由巴塞罗那文化中心Contemporània与其他六个欧洲机构共同组织:建筑基金会、cit<e:1> de l'Architecture et du Patrimoine、维也纳建筑中心、荷兰建筑学院、德国建筑博物馆和芬兰建筑博物馆。参见:en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_ Prize_for_Urban_Public_Space;第二届国际建筑双年展展出作品,鹿特丹,2005,iabr。nl/en/editie/the-flood, 172.18欧盟委员会,欧洲栖息地红色名录,ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/knowledge/redlist_en.htm;《欧盟2020生物多样性战略指南》。作者简介:玛格丽塔·乔佛玛格丽塔·乔佛是杜兰大学建筑学教授,也是aldayjover建筑与景观的联合创始人。事务所的工作重点是城市与河流之间关系的新方法,将基础设施融入城市领域,创造混合建筑和景观。除了众多的公园外,该办公室还完成了几个历史建筑和社会住房项目的修复,交织着不同规模的集体和公共空间。该项目获得了多个奖项,包括欧洲城市公共空间奖(2002年)和FAD城市与景观奖(2009年)。乔佛与亚历克斯·沃尔(Alex Wall)共同编辑了《生机城市》(ORO Editors, 2019)的《繁荣生态》(ecology of Prosperity)。
期刊介绍:
JoLA is the academic Journal of the European Council of Landscape Architecture Schools (ECLAS), established in 2006. It is published three times a year. JoLA aims to support, stimulate, and extend scholarly debate in Landscape Architecture and related fields. It also gives space to the reflective practitioner and to design research. The journal welcomes articles addressing any aspect of Landscape Architecture, to cultivate the diverse identity of the discipline. JoLA is internationally oriented and seeks to both draw in and contribute to global perspectives through its four key sections: the ‘Articles’ section features both academic scholarship and research related to professional practice; the ‘Under the Sky’ section fosters research based on critical analysis and interpretation of built projects; the ‘Thinking Eye’ section presents research based on thoughtful experimentation in visual methodologies and media; the ‘Review’ section presents critical reflection on recent literature, conferences and/or exhibitions relevant to Landscape Architecture.