Rice husk fibers and their extracted silica as promising bio-based fillers for EPDM/NBR rubber blend vulcanizates

IF 4.2 4区环境科学与生态学 Q2 ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy Pub Date : 2023-10-19 DOI:10.1007/s10098-023-02604-1

Mohamed M. Eissa, Samir H. Botros, Mohamed Diab, Emad S. Shafik, Nehad N. Rozik

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Abstract

Abstract Bio-based natural wastes could be considered eco-friendly alternatives to conventional fillers for enhancing the properties and reducing the cost of final rubber products. Thus, in the present research, EPDM/NBR rubber blend composites filled with kaolin and mixed with rice husk fibers (RHFs) were prepared. Homogeneity of the EPDM/NBR blends was improved by the incorporation of maleic anhydride (MAH) as a compatibilizing agent (1 phr), as evidenced by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Of all EPDM/NBR blend ratios investigated, the 25/75 blend revealed good mechanical properties, thermal stability, and the least weight swell at equilibrium (Q%) in motor oil and brake fluid. EPDM/NBR/kaolin (25/75/30) blend vulcanizates containing RHFs at various loadings demonstrated a significant improvement in swelling resistance, primarily in motor oil and brake fluid, accompanied by a slight reduction in the mechanical properties at high RHFs content. That was complemented by the enhancement of thermal stability of the rubber blends, as demonstrated by TGA analysis. Among the filler types investigated (RHFs, silica ash (SA), rice husk silica (RHS), and kaolin), RHFs exhibited the best swelling resistance of the composite vulcanizates in motor oil and brake fluid. In addition, RHS could be used successfully as a supporting filler for carbon black-reinforced EPDM/NBR composite vulcanizates because it enhanced their thermal stability and swelling resistance in the motor oil. Graphical Abstract

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稻壳纤维及其提取二氧化硅作为三元乙丙橡胶/丁腈橡胶共混硫化料的生物基填料

生物基天然废弃物可作为传统填料的环保替代品，提高橡胶制品的性能，降低橡胶制品的成本。因此，在本研究中，制备了以高岭土填充、稻壳纤维共混的三元乙丙橡胶/丁腈橡胶共混复合材料。扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明，加入马来酸酐(MAH)作为增容剂(1 phr)后，三元乙丙橡胶/丁腈橡胶共混物的均一性得到改善。在研究的所有EPDM/NBR共混比例中，25/75的共混物表现出良好的机械性能、热稳定性，在机油和制动液中平衡时的重量膨胀最小(Q%)。含rhf的EPDM/NBR/高岭土(25/75/30)共混硫化胶在不同载荷下的抗膨胀性能显著提高，主要是在机油和制动液中，但在高rhf含量时，机械性能略有下降。TGA分析表明，橡胶共混物的热稳定性得到了增强。在所研究的填料类型(RHFs、硅灰(SA)、稻壳硅(RHS)和高岭土)中，RHFs在机油和制动液中表现出最佳的抗膨胀性。此外，RHS可以作为支撑填料成功地用于炭黑增强EPDM/NBR复合硫化剂，因为它提高了它们在机油中的热稳定性和抗膨胀性。图形抽象

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来源期刊

Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 环境科学-工程：环境

CiteScore

8.10

自引率

7.00%

发文量

179

审稿时长

8 months

期刊介绍： This journal publishes papers that aid in the development, demonstration, and commercialization of cleaner products and processes as well as effective environmental policy strategies. As its title suggests, the journal has two major thrusts: Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy. The Clean Technology thrust addresses the science and engineering of clean technologies. Moreover, it examines mathematical and computer-based methods and models for designing, analyzing, and measuring the cleanliness of products and processes. The Environmental Policy thrust covers research advances in scientific, social, behavioral, and economics disciplines that are relevant to complex environmental policy issues. In addition to research papers, the journal offers policy-oriented commentaries from world renowned leaders in environmental technology and policy research. It also features special issues focusing on topics of international concern.