Growers' irrigation practices, knowledge, trust, and attitudes toward wastewater reuse in Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia through a food safety lens

IF 1.6 Q3 WATER RESOURCES
Dima Faour-Klingbeil, Asma’ O.Taybeh, Olfa Mahjoub, Othman Almashaqbeh, Christelle Bou Mitri, Joy J. Samaha, Latifa Dhaouadi, Ewen C. D. Todd
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Abstract

Abstract Maximizing water reuse requires addressing legal and regulatory frameworks, but growers’ understanding of water as a vehicle for pollutants and safe practices is vital in this process. A cross-sectional survey of 85 growers in Lebanon, Jordan, and Tunisia explored these factors. Results showed that 70.6% of growers had limited knowledge about the transmission of pathogens, pesticides, and pharmaceuticals to food crops via treated wastewater (TWW). Additionally, 55% of farmers used TWW for irrigation, while 65.9% believed that it poses health risks to consumers when applied to crops eaten raw. A positive attitude toward TWW was a determining factor for maximizing water reuse applications. However, the limited access and unavailability of treatment plants were the primary reasons for not using TWW (32.9%). More concerning, less than half controlled the quality of irrigation water using microbiological tests (32.9%), chemical tests (37.6%), and turbidity tests (29.4%). Meanwhile, only 40% trusted local authorities’ control of TWW quality and 69.4% had no access to regulatory information. The present study showed the importance of prioritizing growers’ awareness of potential risks and establishing the practice of monitoring of water quality indicators and contaminants. These should be at the forefront of water reuse expansion strategies to mitigate associated risks.
从食品安全的角度看黎巴嫩、约旦和突尼斯种植者对废水再利用的灌溉实践、知识、信任和态度
最大化水的再利用需要解决法律和监管框架,但种植者对水作为污染物的载体和安全实践的理解在这一过程中至关重要。一项针对黎巴嫩、约旦和突尼斯85名种植者的横断面调查探讨了这些因素。结果表明,70.6%的农户对经处理的废水(TWW)向粮食作物传播病原体、农药和药品的知识有限。此外,55%的农民使用TWW进行灌溉,而65.9%的农民认为将TWW用于生吃作物会对消费者造成健康风险。对TWW的积极态度是最大限度地利用水的决定性因素。然而,不使用TWW的主要原因是污水处理厂的可及性有限(32.9%)。更令人担忧的是,使用微生物测试(32.9%)、化学测试(37.6%)和浊度测试(29.4%)来控制灌溉用水质量的不到一半。与此同时,只有40%的受访者相信当地政府对TWW质量的控制,69.4%的受访者无法获得监管信息。目前的研究表明,重要的是要优先考虑种植者对潜在风险的认识,并建立监测水质指标和污染物的做法。这些应放在扩大水再利用战略的最前沿,以减轻相关风险。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
2.30
自引率
6.20%
发文量
136
审稿时长
14 weeks
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