Burning mouth syndrome: a literary review and an uptade

Abstract

Burning mouth syndrome is a debilitating condition of chronic oral pain and/or burning, which mainly affects pre and postmenopausal women. It can be characterized by the presence of other symptoms, such as a sensation of dry mouth (xerostomia), a bitter or metallic taste (dysgeusia) and tingling. BMS can be classified into two clinical forms: primary and secondary BMS. The primary BMS is essential or idiopathic, in which the organic local/systemic causes cannot be identified. The secondary BMS is caused by local, systemic, and/ or psychological factors; thus, its diagnosis depends on identification of the exact causative factor. Its etiology is complex and not well defined, suggesting neuropathic mechanisms. Its diagnosis continues to be a challenge for the clinician since there are no sufficiently objective and universally accepted criteria. This disease is usually characterized by presenting many symptoms, but without clinical signs, which makes its diagnosis difficult as it excludes lesions in the oral mucosa by its own definition. Therapy has been found to be effective for reducing the oral burning or pain symptom in some BMS patients previous clinical trials found that drug therapy with capsaicin, alpha-lipoic acid, clonazepam, and antidepressants may provide relief of oral burning or pain symptom but given the complexity of this syndrome, there are currently no widely accepted guidelines for its treatment. Aim :Update knowledge on burning mouth syndrome treatment, pathophysiology, analyzing current and innovative therapeutic procedures and assessing their effective efficacy.