{"title":"Investigating the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis for CO <sub>2</sub> emissions in Nordic countries","authors":"Ashim Kumar Kar","doi":"10.1080/00207233.2023.2263250","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTThis paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) over the period 1981–2018. The link between economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is analysed. The study includes causality analysis and controls for cross-sectional dependence (CSD), slope heterogeneity, stationarity and cointegration patterns. Estimations validate the EKC hypothesis for Denmark and Iceland, but not for Norway and Sweden. Finland data show no significantly visible trend.KEYWORDS: CO2EKCCSDheterogeneitycausalityNordic Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. The Nordic countries have been included in the developed, OECD, Arctic and ‘highly innovative’ country-clusters in previous studies, however.2. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulphur hexafluoride, fluorinated gases are some of the GHGs.3. The studies of Dogan et al. [Citation3], Koçak and Ulucak [Citation70], Destek and Sarkodie [Citation45], Allard et al. [Citation9] were also followed to build the econometric model.4. These models generally represent an IPAT approach, (i.e., Influence = Population, Affluence, and Technology) originally introduced by Ehrlich and Holdren [Citation71] but later reformulated by Rosa and Dietz [Citation49].5. Many studies have also included a cubic term of Y (i.e., Y3) to check whether the EKC curve is N-shaped.6. Balsalobre-Lorente and Álvarez-Herranz [Citation72] and Allard et al. [Citation9] suggest that the EKC will adopt different shapes as follows: (i) β1 = β2 = 0 ⇒ Either no link between environmental degradation and income or a flat pattern, (ii) β1 >0 and β2 = 0 ⇒ Environmental degradation increases with income monotonically, (iii) β1 <0 and β2 = 0 ⇒ Environmental degradation increases with income monotonically, (iv) β1 >0 and β2 <0 ⇒ The classical inverted U-shaped EKC, and (v) β1 <0 and β2 >0 ⇒ A U-shaped relation between environmental degradation and income.7. StataMP 18 and various user-written routines of this programme were used for the empirical analysis. All of these results are reproducible. Data and software commands are available upon request.8. The feedback hypothesis suggests that if sustainable management options are adopted in the production and consumption of natural resources, the rate of natural resource depletion and environmental stress declines.","PeriodicalId":14117,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Environmental Studies","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2023-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"International Journal of Environmental Studies","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2023.2263250","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
ABSTRACTThis paper examines the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) hypothesis in Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden) over the period 1981–2018. The link between economic growth and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions is analysed. The study includes causality analysis and controls for cross-sectional dependence (CSD), slope heterogeneity, stationarity and cointegration patterns. Estimations validate the EKC hypothesis for Denmark and Iceland, but not for Norway and Sweden. Finland data show no significantly visible trend.KEYWORDS: CO2EKCCSDheterogeneitycausalityNordic Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. The Nordic countries have been included in the developed, OECD, Arctic and ‘highly innovative’ country-clusters in previous studies, however.2. Carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane, sulphur hexafluoride, fluorinated gases are some of the GHGs.3. The studies of Dogan et al. [Citation3], Koçak and Ulucak [Citation70], Destek and Sarkodie [Citation45], Allard et al. [Citation9] were also followed to build the econometric model.4. These models generally represent an IPAT approach, (i.e., Influence = Population, Affluence, and Technology) originally introduced by Ehrlich and Holdren [Citation71] but later reformulated by Rosa and Dietz [Citation49].5. Many studies have also included a cubic term of Y (i.e., Y3) to check whether the EKC curve is N-shaped.6. Balsalobre-Lorente and Álvarez-Herranz [Citation72] and Allard et al. [Citation9] suggest that the EKC will adopt different shapes as follows: (i) β1 = β2 = 0 ⇒ Either no link between environmental degradation and income or a flat pattern, (ii) β1 >0 and β2 = 0 ⇒ Environmental degradation increases with income monotonically, (iii) β1 <0 and β2 = 0 ⇒ Environmental degradation increases with income monotonically, (iv) β1 >0 and β2 <0 ⇒ The classical inverted U-shaped EKC, and (v) β1 <0 and β2 >0 ⇒ A U-shaped relation between environmental degradation and income.7. StataMP 18 and various user-written routines of this programme were used for the empirical analysis. All of these results are reproducible. Data and software commands are available upon request.8. The feedback hypothesis suggests that if sustainable management options are adopted in the production and consumption of natural resources, the rate of natural resource depletion and environmental stress declines.
期刊介绍:
For more than 45 years, the International Journal of Environmental Studies has been pre-eminent in its field. The environment is understood to comprise the natural and the man-made, and their interactions; including such matters as pollution, health effects, analytical methods, political approaches, social impacts etc. Papers favouring an interdisciplinary approach are preferred, because the evidence of more than 45 years appears to be that many intellectual tools and many causes and effects are at issue in any environmental problem - and its solution. This does not mean that a single focus or a narrow view is unwelcome; provided always that the evidence is indicated and the method is robust. Pragmatic decision-making and applicable policies are subjects of interest, together with the problems in establishing facts about dynamic systems where long periods of observation and precise measurement may be difficult to secure. In other words, a systems or holistic approach to the environment and a scientific analysis are complementary, and the distinction between ’hard’ and ’soft’ science is bridged in most of the papers published. These may be on any item in the agenda of environmental science: land, water, food, conservation, population, risk analysis, energy, economics of ecological and non-ecological approaches, social advocacy of arguments for change, legal measures, implications of urbanism, energy choices, waste disposal, recycling, transport systems and other issues of mass society. There is concern also for marginal areas, under-developed societies, minorities, species loss; and indeed no element of the subject of environmental studies, seen in an international and interactive mode, is excluded.