Women’s football: don’t judge me, support me! evidence from young generations

IF 1 Q3 HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM
Chiara Giachino, Maurizio Valenti, Alessandro Bonadonna, Luigi Bollani
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Results show that there is a connection among past or current sport playing experience, general interest in sports and positive attitude towards women in football. Generation Z and Young Millennials are more favourable towards women in football and find it normal. However, there are still some people who disapprove this sport. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1. Leslie-Walker and Mulvenna, “The Football Association’s Women’s Super League”; Okholm Kryger et al., “Research on women’s football”; Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”.2. e.g. Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”; Pfister and Pope, Female Football Players and Fans; Ronkainen et al., “I want to do well for myself as well!”; Valenti et al., “The determinants of stadium attendance”; Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”; Hallmann et al., “Consumer profiles of women’s football spectators”.3. FIFA, “Women’s Football Strategy”.4. FIFA, “FIFA Women’s World Cup France 2019”.5. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.6. Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”.7. Deloitte, “Gen Z and millennial travel; Fromm and Garton, Marketing to millennials”.8. Nowak et al., “Wowing the millennials”; Hoover, “The millennial muddle”; Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.9. McKinsey, “True Gen”.10. FIGC, “Report calcio 2019”.11. FIGC, “Il programma di sviluppo”.12. Messner, “Sports and male domination”.13. Pfister, “Assessing the sociology of sport”.14. Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity”.15. Ibid.16. Messner, Taking the field.17. Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity”.18. Connell, Masculinities, 54.19. Claringbould et al., “Exclusionary practices in sport journalism”; Gee and Leberman, “Sports media decision making in France”; Liu and Brock, “Selecting a female athlete endorser in China”.20. Jansen and Sabo, “The sport-war metaphor”; Sabo and Gordon, Men’s health and illness.21. Kane, “The better sportswomen get”.22. Fink, “Female athletes, women’s sport”.23. Cooky and Messner, No slam dunk.24. Daniels, “Sexy versus strong”; Knight and Giuliano, “He’s a Laker, she’s a looker”.25. Petty and Pope, “A New Age for Media Coverage of Women’s Sport?”.26. Lough and Guerin, Routledge handbook of the business of women’s sport.27. Okholm Kryger et al., “Research on women’s football”; Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”.28. Caudwell, “Football and misogyny”; Fenton et al., “Female fans and social media”; Hoeber and Kerwin, “Exploring the experiences of female sport fans”.29. Hunt et al., “A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans”; Wann et al., “The team identification”.30. Armstrong, Football hooligans; Spaaij, “Men like us, boys like them”.31. Pope, “The Love of My Life”.32. Cleland et al., “I do worry that football will become over-feminized”.33. Cooky et al., “Women play sport, but not on TV”; Guest and Luijten, “Fan culture and motivation”.34. Pope et al. “Men’s Football Fandom”.35. Allison and Pope, “Becoming Fans”.36. Funk et al., “Characterizing Consumer Motivation as Individual Difference Factors”; Funk et al., “Understanding Consumer Support”.37. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.38. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”; Guest and Luijten, Fan culture and motivation.39. Guest and Luijten, “Fan culture and motivation”.40. Valenti et al., “The determinants of stadium attendance”.41. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.42. Ibid.43. Ibid.44. McKinsey, “True Gen”; Lancaster and Stillman, When generations collide.45. McKinsey, “True Gen”.46. e.g. Nowak et al., “Wowing the millennials”; Hoover, “The millennial muddle”; Bonadonna et al., “Sustainability and mountain tourism”; Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.47. Fromm and Garton, Marketing to millennials.48. McKinsey, “True Gen”.49. Kavounis, “The millennial effect”; Reisenwitz and Iyer, “Differences in generation X and generation Y”.50. Ethics Resource Center, “Generational differences in workplace ethics”.51. Hopkins, “Destabilising automobility?”; Gazzola et al., “Consumer empowerment in the digital economy”; Gallenti et al., “Environmentally sustainable versus aesthetic values”; Giachino et al., “Nature-based solutions and their potential”.52. Janmaat and Keating, “Are today’s youth more tolerant?”.53. McKinsey, “True Gen”.54. Ibid.55. Bennett et al., “Generation Y’s perceptions of the action sports industry segment”; Braunstein and Zhang, “Dimensions of athletic star power associated with GenerationY”; Cianfrone and Zhang, “Differential effects of television commercials”; Dotson et al., “Millennials” perceptions of spectator sports”; Manning et al., “Pedagogical innovations for the millennial”; Rovell, “Will next generation of fans show up?”.56. Au-Yong-Oliveira, “The influence of technology in golf”; Vooris et al., “Generation multitasker”.57. Au-Yong-Oliveira, “The influence of technology in golf”.58. McGinnis et al., “Gender, Millennials, and leisure constraints”.59. Rodríguez, “Millennials in Spanish 2.0 cycling”.60. Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.61. Yim et al., “Identifying critical factors”.62. Lozano-Lozano et al., “The ECOFISIO mobile app”.63. Gould et al., “Coaching Generation Z Athletes”.64. Düzenli et al., “The correlation between urban open space”.65. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.66. Allison, “Business or cause?”.67. Foley, “The great American football ritual”.68. FIFA, “FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019™ watched”.69. Kaminski et al., “A comprehensive prospective examination”; Scott et al., “Physical characteristics and match performances”; Ronkainen et al., “I want to do well for myself as well!”70. Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”.71. McKinsey, “True Gen”.72. 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引用次数: 0

Abstract

ABSTRACTThe aim of the paper is to understand how young generations consider women playing football since women’s football still struggles to reach and gain consistent fan followings. Women’s football stakeholders are in need to inspire viewers and spectators in order to improve the visibility and commercialization of the game. A survey was administered and distributed to 2,298 participants belonging to both Millennials and Generation Z cohorts. Predictors of interest in women’s football were tested based on such information and a cluster analysis was conducted to group participants based on common characteristics and views on women’s football. Results show that there is a connection among past or current sport playing experience, general interest in sports and positive attitude towards women in football. Generation Z and Young Millennials are more favourable towards women in football and find it normal. However, there are still some people who disapprove this sport. Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.Notes1. Leslie-Walker and Mulvenna, “The Football Association’s Women’s Super League”; Okholm Kryger et al., “Research on women’s football”; Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”.2. e.g. Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”; Pfister and Pope, Female Football Players and Fans; Ronkainen et al., “I want to do well for myself as well!”; Valenti et al., “The determinants of stadium attendance”; Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”; Hallmann et al., “Consumer profiles of women’s football spectators”.3. FIFA, “Women’s Football Strategy”.4. FIFA, “FIFA Women’s World Cup France 2019”.5. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.6. Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”.7. Deloitte, “Gen Z and millennial travel; Fromm and Garton, Marketing to millennials”.8. Nowak et al., “Wowing the millennials”; Hoover, “The millennial muddle”; Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.9. McKinsey, “True Gen”.10. FIGC, “Report calcio 2019”.11. FIGC, “Il programma di sviluppo”.12. Messner, “Sports and male domination”.13. Pfister, “Assessing the sociology of sport”.14. Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity”.15. Ibid.16. Messner, Taking the field.17. Connell and Messerschmidt, “Hegemonic Masculinity”.18. Connell, Masculinities, 54.19. Claringbould et al., “Exclusionary practices in sport journalism”; Gee and Leberman, “Sports media decision making in France”; Liu and Brock, “Selecting a female athlete endorser in China”.20. Jansen and Sabo, “The sport-war metaphor”; Sabo and Gordon, Men’s health and illness.21. Kane, “The better sportswomen get”.22. Fink, “Female athletes, women’s sport”.23. Cooky and Messner, No slam dunk.24. Daniels, “Sexy versus strong”; Knight and Giuliano, “He’s a Laker, she’s a looker”.25. Petty and Pope, “A New Age for Media Coverage of Women’s Sport?”.26. Lough and Guerin, Routledge handbook of the business of women’s sport.27. Okholm Kryger et al., “Research on women’s football”; Valenti et al., “Women’s football studies”.28. Caudwell, “Football and misogyny”; Fenton et al., “Female fans and social media”; Hoeber and Kerwin, “Exploring the experiences of female sport fans”.29. Hunt et al., “A conceptual approach to classifying sports fans”; Wann et al., “The team identification”.30. Armstrong, Football hooligans; Spaaij, “Men like us, boys like them”.31. Pope, “The Love of My Life”.32. Cleland et al., “I do worry that football will become over-feminized”.33. Cooky et al., “Women play sport, but not on TV”; Guest and Luijten, “Fan culture and motivation”.34. Pope et al. “Men’s Football Fandom”.35. Allison and Pope, “Becoming Fans”.36. Funk et al., “Characterizing Consumer Motivation as Individual Difference Factors”; Funk et al., “Understanding Consumer Support”.37. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.38. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”; Guest and Luijten, Fan culture and motivation.39. Guest and Luijten, “Fan culture and motivation”.40. Valenti et al., “The determinants of stadium attendance”.41. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.42. Ibid.43. Ibid.44. McKinsey, “True Gen”; Lancaster and Stillman, When generations collide.45. McKinsey, “True Gen”.46. e.g. Nowak et al., “Wowing the millennials”; Hoover, “The millennial muddle”; Bonadonna et al., “Sustainability and mountain tourism”; Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.47. Fromm and Garton, Marketing to millennials.48. McKinsey, “True Gen”.49. Kavounis, “The millennial effect”; Reisenwitz and Iyer, “Differences in generation X and generation Y”.50. Ethics Resource Center, “Generational differences in workplace ethics”.51. Hopkins, “Destabilising automobility?”; Gazzola et al., “Consumer empowerment in the digital economy”; Gallenti et al., “Environmentally sustainable versus aesthetic values”; Giachino et al., “Nature-based solutions and their potential”.52. Janmaat and Keating, “Are today’s youth more tolerant?”.53. McKinsey, “True Gen”.54. Ibid.55. Bennett et al., “Generation Y’s perceptions of the action sports industry segment”; Braunstein and Zhang, “Dimensions of athletic star power associated with GenerationY”; Cianfrone and Zhang, “Differential effects of television commercials”; Dotson et al., “Millennials” perceptions of spectator sports”; Manning et al., “Pedagogical innovations for the millennial”; Rovell, “Will next generation of fans show up?”.56. Au-Yong-Oliveira, “The influence of technology in golf”; Vooris et al., “Generation multitasker”.57. Au-Yong-Oliveira, “The influence of technology in golf”.58. McGinnis et al., “Gender, Millennials, and leisure constraints”.59. Rodríguez, “Millennials in Spanish 2.0 cycling”.60. Giachino et al., “Mountain tourism and motivation”.61. Yim et al., “Identifying critical factors”.62. Lozano-Lozano et al., “The ECOFISIO mobile app”.63. Gould et al., “Coaching Generation Z Athletes”.64. Düzenli et al., “The correlation between urban open space”.65. Hallmann, “Women’s 2011 Football World Cup”.66. Allison, “Business or cause?”.67. Foley, “The great American football ritual”.68. FIFA, “FIFA Women’s World Cup 2019™ watched”.69. Kaminski et al., “A comprehensive prospective examination”; Scott et al., “Physical characteristics and match performances”; Ronkainen et al., “I want to do well for myself as well!”70. Kringstad et al., “Match Experience at the Danish”.71. McKinsey, “True Gen”.72. Guest and Luijten, “Fan culture and motivation”.
女足:不要评判我,支持我!来自年轻一代的证据
Janmaat和Keating,“今天的年轻人更宽容吗?”麦肯锡,《真正的一代》,54页。Ibid.55。Bennett等人,“Y世代对动作体育产业细分的看法”;Braunstein and Zhang,“与代际相关的体育明星力量维度”;Cianfrone and Zhang,“电视广告的差异效应”;Dotson等人,“千禧一代对观赏性体育的看法”;Manning et al.,“千禧一代的教学创新”;罗维尔,“下一代粉丝会出现吗?”Au-Yong-Oliveira,“技术对高尔夫的影响”;Vooris等人,《一代多任务者》,57。Au-Yong-Oliveira,“技术对高尔夫的影响”,58。McGinnis et al.,“性别、千禧一代和休闲约束”,第59卷。Rodríguez,“千禧一代在西班牙2.0骑自行车”60。Giachino et al.,“山地旅游与动机”,61。Yim et al.,“识别关键因素”,62。Lozano-Lozano等人,《The ECOFISIO mobile app》,第63页。古尔德等人,《指导Z一代运动员》,64页。张振利等,“城市开放空间的相关性”。65。霍尔曼,《2011年女足世界杯》66。艾利森:“生意还是事业?”伟大的美式橄榄球仪式,第68页。国际足联,“观看了2019年国际足联女足世界杯”。Kaminski et al.,“A comprehensive prospective examination”;Scott et al.,“身体特征与比赛表现”;Ronkainen等人,“我也想为自己做好!”Kringstad et al.,“丹麦人的比赛经验”,71。麦肯锡,《真正的一代》,72页。嘉宾和Luijten,“粉丝文化和动力”。
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来源期刊
Soccer & Society
Soccer & Society HOSPITALITY, LEISURE, SPORT & TOURISM-
CiteScore
2.50
自引率
14.30%
发文量
80
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