Preventing/countering violent and hateful extremism in Morocco and Tunisia – understanding the role of civil society and international assistance

IF 1.1 Q3 INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Conflict Security & Development Pub Date : 2023-05-30 DOI:10.1080/14678802.2023.2216151

Lydia Letsch

{"title":"Preventing/countering violent and hateful extremism in Morocco and Tunisia – understanding the role of civil society and international assistance","authors":"Lydia Letsch","doi":"10.1080/14678802.2023.2216151","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTIn light of the growing threat of violent and hateful extremism in North Africa, the international donor community has recently shifted its focus of attention towards civil society organisations (CSOs) as an important ally in contemporary P/CVE efforts. This has resulted in a growing number of local and international NGOs implementing P/CVE-related projects in Tunisia and Morocco. However, the lack of comprehensive empirical research on local CSOs engagement in P/CVE-efforts complicates the assessment of scope and impact of these initiatives. Little attention has been devoted to the perspective of front-line workers and the ways global P/CVE-policies are being reproduced and challenged on the ground. This paper aims to contribute to a broader understanding of challenges employees of local and international NGOs face in implementing P/CVE in non-Western contexts. Drawing on peacebuilding and development literature, it focuses on the experiences and practices of these actors and their interplay with the international donor community. 30 in-depth narrative interviews with local practitioners and international experts root this paper in rich empirical data that was analysed using Grounded Theory methodology.KEYWORDS: Violent extremismP/CVEcivil societyMoroccoTunisia Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. see e.g. special issue of Third World Quarterly 2015; Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’.2. Mac Ginty, ‘Where is the local?’; Jabri, ‘Peacebuilding, the Local and the International’.3. Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’; Donais, ‘Peacebuilding and Local Ownership’.4. Paris, ‘Saving Liberal Peacebuilding’.5. Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’, 764.6. Nadarajah and Rampton, ‘The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace’, 53.7. Banks et al., ‘NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited’, 709.8. Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.9. Van Leeuwen, ‘Partners in Peace’.10. Kontinen and Millstein ‘Rethinking Civil Society in Development’, 73; MacGinty ‘The limits of technocracy and local encounters’, 2.11. Allison and Taylor, ‘ASEAN’s “people-oriented” aspirations’, 33.12. Sheperd, ‘Constructing Civil Society’, 904.13. Krause, ‘Transnational Civil Society Activism and International Security Politics’, 28.14. Meagher, ‘The Strength of Weak States?’15. Edwards, ‘Civil Society’.16. Kopecky and Mudde, ‘Uncivil Society?’17. Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.18. Ibid., 164.19. Holmer, ‘Countering violent extremism’, 6.20. See e.g. Goodhand and Lewer, ‘Sri Lanka’; Aall, ‘What do NGOs Bring to Peacemaking?’; Ejdus et al., ‘Reclaiming the local in EU peacebuilding’.21. Ejdus et al., ‘Reclaiming the local in EU peacebuilding’; Kappler and Richmond, ‘Peacebuilding and Culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina’; Mac Ginty, ‘International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance’.22. Kappler and Richmond, ‘Peacebuilding and Culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina’, 268–270.23. Autesserre, ‘The Trouble with the Congo’; Autesserre, ‘Peaceland’; Pouligny, ‘Peace Operations Seen from Below’; da Costa and John Karlsrud, ‘Bending the Rules’.24. Jarstad and Belloni, ‘Introducing Hybrid Peace Governance’, 1.25. Van Brabant, ‘Peacebuilding How?’; Hughes et al., ‘The struggle versus the song’; Mac Ginty, ‘Where is the local?’; Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.26. European Commission, ‘Operational Guidelines’.27. United Nations, ‘Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy’.28. Ibid., 6.29. OSCE, ‘The Role of Civil Society in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism’, 25–26.30. United Nations, ‘Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy’; OSCE 2018: 25).31. Christensen, ‘Civil actors’ role in deradicalisation and disengagement initiatives’.32. Ibid.33. Davies, ‘Security, Extremism and Education’; Stephens, ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’; Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’.34. Heath-Kelly, ‘Counter-Terrorism and the Counterfactual’.35. Brown, ‘Gender, Religion, Extremism’; Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’.36. Kienscherf, ‘Producing “Responsible” Self-Governance’, 174.37. Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’, 730.38. Van der Weert and Eijkmann, ‘Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism’.39. Peddell et al., ‘Influences and vulnerabilities in radicalised lone-actor terrorists: UK practitioner perspectives’, 9.40. Ibid., 9.41. Van der Weert and Eijkmann, ‘Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism’.42. Peddell et al., ‘Influences and vulnerabilities in radicalised lone-actor terrorists: UK practitioner perspectives’.43. Mattsson, ‘Caught between the urgent and the comprehensible’, 13.44. Ibid., 15.45. Talentino, ‘Perceptions of Peacebuilding’, 153.46. Martin, ‘Do Tunisian Secular Civil Society Organisations demonstrate a process of democratic learning?’ 797.47. Al-Anani, ‘Islamist parties post-Arab spring’.48. Bürkner and Scott, ‘Spatial imaginaries and selective in/visibility’, 9.49. Yousfir, ‘“Civil Society” in Tunisia’.50. Mihr, ‘Semi-structured interviews with non-state and security actors’, 66–68.51. Watanabe and Merz, ‘Tunisia’s jihadi problem and how to deal with it’, 138–139.52. The Soufan Group 2015, ‘Foreign Fighters’.53. Masbah, ‘Moroccan foreign fighters’; Masbah, ‘Transnational security challenges in North Africa’; IRI, ‘Understanding Local Drivers of Violent Extremism in Tunisia’.54. El-Said, ‘De-radicalising Islamists’.55. CESE, ‘Une nouvelle Initiative nationale intégrée pour la jeunesse marocaine’.56. Wainscott, ‘Bureaucratizing Islam’.57. Gartenstein-Ross and Moreng, ‘Tunisian Jihadism after the Sousse Massacre’.58. Dalmasso, ‘Surfing the Democratic Tsunami in Morocco’.59. Fortier, ‘Contested Politics in Tunisia’.60. Martin, ‘Tunisian Civil Society’; Yachoulti, ‘Shifting Landscape in Morocco’.61. Brett et al., ‘Report on Lessons learned from Danish and other international efforts on countering violent extremism (CVE) in development contexts’, 20.62. Interview with Imane, civil society activists, women organisation, Kasserine, 13 May 2018.63. Informal conversation with Bilal, civil society activists, Tunis, 10.05.2018, Interview with Imane, civil society activists, women organisation, Kasserine, 13 May 2018.64. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022, Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.65. Ayari, ‘Les facteurs favorisant l’extrémisme violent dans la Tunisie des années 2010’, 9.66. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine 23 May 2018.67. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018, Interview with Alexander, International staff member, UN, Tunis, 14 May 2018, Interview with Peter, international staff member, Dutch Embassy, Tunis, 25 May 2018.68. Interview with Peter, international staff member, Dutch Embassy, Tunis, 25 May 2018.69. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018.70. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018.71. Koehler, ‘How and why we should take deradicalisation seriously’, 1.72. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.73. Informal conversation with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.74. Interview with Marouen, civil society activist, civil society initative, Tunis, 25 May 2018.75. Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018.76. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.77. Banks and Hulme, ‘The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Development and Poverty Reduction’, 12.78. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.79. Bastani and Gazotti, ‘Still a Bit Uncomfortable, to Be an Arm of the State’, 10.80. Informal conversation with Karim, civil society activists, Kasserine, 10 March 2022.81. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.82. Interview with Fatma, civil society activists, youth organisation, Sousse, 19 May 1018; Informal conversation with Bilal, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.83. Interview with Adil, researcher and civil society activist, Tunis, 06 May 2018, #3, Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018.84. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.85. Interview with Marouen, civil society activist, civil society initiative, Tunis, 25 May 2018, Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 15 May 2018.86. Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 15 May 2018.87. Informal conversation with Lina, researcher, online, 23 April 2022.88. Interview with Aicha, civil society activist, civil society organisation, Tunis, 15 May and 16 May 2018.89. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018, Interview with Mariem, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.90. Interview with Mariem, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.91. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018, Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022, Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018, Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.92. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018, Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.93. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022, Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.94. Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.95. Interview with Sarah, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018, Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.96. Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.97. Interview with Sarah, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018, Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine 23 May 2018.98. Bürkner and Scott, ‘Spatial imaginaries and selective in/visibility’.Additional informationNotes on contributorsLydia LetschLydia Letsch has an academic background in anthropology and peace and conflict studies and is currently a PhD candidate in Transnational Governance at the SNS in Florence. Her doctoral project examines how local security arrangements emerge and function beyond formal institutions and how they impact communities in North African borderlands.","PeriodicalId":46301,"journal":{"name":"Conflict Security & Development","volume":"41 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":1.1000,"publicationDate":"2023-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Conflict Security & Development","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/14678802.2023.2216151","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q3","JCRName":"INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS","Score":null,"Total":0}

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Abstract

ABSTRACTIn light of the growing threat of violent and hateful extremism in North Africa, the international donor community has recently shifted its focus of attention towards civil society organisations (CSOs) as an important ally in contemporary P/CVE efforts. This has resulted in a growing number of local and international NGOs implementing P/CVE-related projects in Tunisia and Morocco. However, the lack of comprehensive empirical research on local CSOs engagement in P/CVE-efforts complicates the assessment of scope and impact of these initiatives. Little attention has been devoted to the perspective of front-line workers and the ways global P/CVE-policies are being reproduced and challenged on the ground. This paper aims to contribute to a broader understanding of challenges employees of local and international NGOs face in implementing P/CVE in non-Western contexts. Drawing on peacebuilding and development literature, it focuses on the experiences and practices of these actors and their interplay with the international donor community. 30 in-depth narrative interviews with local practitioners and international experts root this paper in rich empirical data that was analysed using Grounded Theory methodology.KEYWORDS: Violent extremismP/CVEcivil societyMoroccoTunisia Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1. see e.g. special issue of Third World Quarterly 2015; Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’.2. Mac Ginty, ‘Where is the local?’; Jabri, ‘Peacebuilding, the Local and the International’.3. Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’; Donais, ‘Peacebuilding and Local Ownership’.4. Paris, ‘Saving Liberal Peacebuilding’.5. Mac Ginty and Richmond, ‘The Local Turn in Peace Building’, 764.6. Nadarajah and Rampton, ‘The Limits of Hybridity and the Crisis of Liberal Peace’, 53.7. Banks et al., ‘NGOs, States, and Donors Revisited’, 709.8. Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.9. Van Leeuwen, ‘Partners in Peace’.10. Kontinen and Millstein ‘Rethinking Civil Society in Development’, 73; MacGinty ‘The limits of technocracy and local encounters’, 2.11. Allison and Taylor, ‘ASEAN’s “people-oriented” aspirations’, 33.12. Sheperd, ‘Constructing Civil Society’, 904.13. Krause, ‘Transnational Civil Society Activism and International Security Politics’, 28.14. Meagher, ‘The Strength of Weak States?’15. Edwards, ‘Civil Society’.16. Kopecky and Mudde, ‘Uncivil Society?’17. Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.18. Ibid., 164.19. Holmer, ‘Countering violent extremism’, 6.20. See e.g. Goodhand and Lewer, ‘Sri Lanka’; Aall, ‘What do NGOs Bring to Peacemaking?’; Ejdus et al., ‘Reclaiming the local in EU peacebuilding’.21. Ejdus et al., ‘Reclaiming the local in EU peacebuilding’; Kappler and Richmond, ‘Peacebuilding and Culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina’; Mac Ginty, ‘International Peacebuilding and Local Resistance’.22. Kappler and Richmond, ‘Peacebuilding and Culture in Bosnia and Herzegovina’, 268–270.23. Autesserre, ‘The Trouble with the Congo’; Autesserre, ‘Peaceland’; Pouligny, ‘Peace Operations Seen from Below’; da Costa and John Karlsrud, ‘Bending the Rules’.24. Jarstad and Belloni, ‘Introducing Hybrid Peace Governance’, 1.25. Van Brabant, ‘Peacebuilding How?’; Hughes et al., ‘The struggle versus the song’; Mac Ginty, ‘Where is the local?’; Verkorken and van Leeuwen, ‘Civil Society in Peacebuilding’.26. European Commission, ‘Operational Guidelines’.27. United Nations, ‘Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy’.28. Ibid., 6.29. OSCE, ‘The Role of Civil Society in Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism and Radicalization that Lead to Terrorism’, 25–26.30. United Nations, ‘Activities of the United Nations system in implementing the United Nations Global Counter-Terrorism Strategy’; OSCE 2018: 25).31. Christensen, ‘Civil actors’ role in deradicalisation and disengagement initiatives’.32. Ibid.33. Davies, ‘Security, Extremism and Education’; Stephens, ‘Preventing Violent Extremism’; Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’.34. Heath-Kelly, ‘Counter-Terrorism and the Counterfactual’.35. Brown, ‘Gender, Religion, Extremism’; Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’.36. Kienscherf, ‘Producing “Responsible” Self-Governance’, 174.37. Mesok, ‘Counterinsurgency, community participation, and the preventing and countering violent extremism agenda in Kenya’, 730.38. Van der Weert and Eijkmann, ‘Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism’.39. Peddell et al., ‘Influences and vulnerabilities in radicalised lone-actor terrorists: UK practitioner perspectives’, 9.40. Ibid., 9.41. Van der Weert and Eijkmann, ‘Subjectivity in detection of radicalisation and violent extremism’.42. Peddell et al., ‘Influences and vulnerabilities in radicalised lone-actor terrorists: UK practitioner perspectives’.43. Mattsson, ‘Caught between the urgent and the comprehensible’, 13.44. Ibid., 15.45. Talentino, ‘Perceptions of Peacebuilding’, 153.46. Martin, ‘Do Tunisian Secular Civil Society Organisations demonstrate a process of democratic learning?’ 797.47. Al-Anani, ‘Islamist parties post-Arab spring’.48. Bürkner and Scott, ‘Spatial imaginaries and selective in/visibility’, 9.49. Yousfir, ‘“Civil Society” in Tunisia’.50. Mihr, ‘Semi-structured interviews with non-state and security actors’, 66–68.51. Watanabe and Merz, ‘Tunisia’s jihadi problem and how to deal with it’, 138–139.52. The Soufan Group 2015, ‘Foreign Fighters’.53. Masbah, ‘Moroccan foreign fighters’; Masbah, ‘Transnational security challenges in North Africa’; IRI, ‘Understanding Local Drivers of Violent Extremism in Tunisia’.54. El-Said, ‘De-radicalising Islamists’.55. CESE, ‘Une nouvelle Initiative nationale intégrée pour la jeunesse marocaine’.56. Wainscott, ‘Bureaucratizing Islam’.57. Gartenstein-Ross and Moreng, ‘Tunisian Jihadism after the Sousse Massacre’.58. Dalmasso, ‘Surfing the Democratic Tsunami in Morocco’.59. Fortier, ‘Contested Politics in Tunisia’.60. Martin, ‘Tunisian Civil Society’; Yachoulti, ‘Shifting Landscape in Morocco’.61. Brett et al., ‘Report on Lessons learned from Danish and other international efforts on countering violent extremism (CVE) in development contexts’, 20.62. Interview with Imane, civil society activists, women organisation, Kasserine, 13 May 2018.63. Informal conversation with Bilal, civil society activists, Tunis, 10.05.2018, Interview with Imane, civil society activists, women organisation, Kasserine, 13 May 2018.64. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022, Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.65. Ayari, ‘Les facteurs favorisant l’extrémisme violent dans la Tunisie des années 2010’, 9.66. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine 23 May 2018.67. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018, Interview with Alexander, International staff member, UN, Tunis, 14 May 2018, Interview with Peter, international staff member, Dutch Embassy, Tunis, 25 May 2018.68. Interview with Peter, international staff member, Dutch Embassy, Tunis, 25 May 2018.69. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018.70. Interview with Lucas, international staff member, EU Delegation to Tunis, 21 May 2018.71. Koehler, ‘How and why we should take deradicalisation seriously’, 1.72. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.73. Informal conversation with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.74. Interview with Marouen, civil society activist, civil society initative, Tunis, 25 May 2018.75. Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018.76. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.77. Banks and Hulme, ‘The Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Development and Poverty Reduction’, 12.78. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.79. Bastani and Gazotti, ‘Still a Bit Uncomfortable, to Be an Arm of the State’, 10.80. Informal conversation with Karim, civil society activists, Kasserine, 10 March 2022.81. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.82. Interview with Fatma, civil society activists, youth organisation, Sousse, 19 May 1018; Informal conversation with Bilal, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.83. Interview with Adil, researcher and civil society activist, Tunis, 06 May 2018, #3, Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018.84. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018.85. Interview with Marouen, civil society activist, civil society initiative, Tunis, 25 May 2018, Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 15 May 2018.86. Informal conversation with Moaz, civil society activists, Tunis, 15 May 2018.87. Informal conversation with Lina, researcher, online, 23 April 2022.88. Interview with Aicha, civil society activist, civil society organisation, Tunis, 15 May and 16 May 2018.89. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018, Interview with Mariem, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.90. Interview with Mariem, civil society activists, Tunis, 10 May 2018.91. Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine, 23 May 2018, Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022, Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018, Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.92. Interview with Hamza, researcher and civil society activists, Tunis, 09 May 2018, Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022.93. Interview with Omar, development consultant and civil society activist, online, 27 April 2022, Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.94. Interview with Rachid, civil society activist and staff member of INGO, online, 20 May 2022.95. Interview with Sarah, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018, Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.96. Interview with Mohammed, civil society activists, Kasserine, 08 June 2022.97. Interview with Sarah, civil society activists, Tunis, 07 May 2018, Interview with Ahmed, researcher and civil society activists, Faculty of Social Science, Medenine 23 May 2018.98. Bürkner and Scott, ‘Spatial imaginaries and selective in/visibility’.Additional informationNotes on contributorsLydia LetschLydia Letsch has an academic background in anthropology and peace and conflict studies and is currently a PhD candidate in Transnational Governance at the SNS in Florence. Her doctoral project examines how local security arrangements emerge and function beyond formal institutions and how they impact communities in North African borderlands.

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预防/打击摩洛哥和突尼斯的暴力和仇恨极端主义——了解民间社会和国际援助的作用

鉴于北非日益增长的暴力和仇恨极端主义威胁，国际捐助界最近将注意力转移到民间社会组织(cso)身上，将其作为当代和平与人道主义努力的重要盟友。这导致越来越多的当地和国际非政府组织在突尼斯和摩洛哥执行与性别平等/性别平等相关的项目。然而，缺乏对地方公民社会组织参与P/ cve工作的全面实证研究，使得对这些倡议的范围和影响的评估变得复杂。很少有人关注一线工人的观点，以及全球P/ cve政策在当地被复制和挑战的方式。本文旨在帮助更广泛地理解本地和国际非政府组织员工在非西方环境中实施P/CVE所面临的挑战。它借鉴建设和平与发展方面的文献，重点关注这些行动者的经验和做法及其与国际捐助界的相互作用。对当地从业人员和国际专家进行了30次深入的叙述性访谈，并使用扎根理论方法分析了丰富的经验数据。关键词:暴力极端主义/公民社会摩洛哥突尼斯披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。参见2015年第三世界季刊特刊;Mac Ginty和Richmond，《和平大厦的地方转折》。Mac Ginty，“本地的在哪里?”贾布里，“建设和平，地方和国际”。Mac Ginty和Richmond，《和平大厦的地方转折》;3 . Donais，《建设和平与地方所有权》。巴黎，《拯救自由主义和平建设》。麦克·金蒂和里奇蒙，《和平大厦的地方转折》，764.6。Nadarajah和Rampton，“混合的极限和自由和平的危机”，53.7。Banks等人，《重新审视非政府组织、国家和捐助者》，709.8。9. Verkorken and van Leeuwen，《建设和平中的公民社会》。范·莱文，《和平伙伴》。Kontinen and Millstein:《重新思考发展中的公民社会》，73;麦金蒂，《技术官僚的限制和地方遭遇》，第2.11页。Allison和Taylor，“东盟的‘以人为本’愿望”，33.12。谢泼德，《构建公民社会》，904.13。克劳斯，《跨国公民社会行动主义与国际安全政治》，2014年第28期。米格尔，《弱国的力量?》15。爱德华兹，<公民社会>，第16页。Kopecky and Mudde， <非公民社会? > 17。Verkorken and van Leeuwen，《建设和平中的公民社会》，第18期。如上,164.19。霍尔默，《打击暴力极端主义》，6.20。参见Goodhand and Lewer， ' Sri Lanka ';“非政府组织为缔造和平带来了什么?”Ejdus等人，“在欧盟和平建设中恢复当地”，21。Ejdus等人，“在欧盟和平建设中回收地方”;卡普勒和里士满:《波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的建设和平与文化》;麦克·金蒂，《国际建设和平与地方抵抗》，22页。卡普勒和里士满，“波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那的建设和平与文化”，268-270.23。Autesserre，《刚果的麻烦》;Autesserre Peaceland”;Pouligny，《从下面看和平行动》;达·科斯塔和约翰·卡尔斯鲁德，《扭曲规则》，第24页。Jarstad和Belloni，“引入混合和平治理”，第1.25页。Van Brabant，《如何建设和平?》;Hughes等人，“斗争与歌曲”;Mac Ginty，“本地的在哪里?”Verkorken and van Leeuwen，《建设和平中的公民社会》，第26期。欧盟委员会，《操作指南》，第27页。28.联合国，“联合国系统在执行《联合国全球反恐战略》方面的活动”。如上,6.29。欧安组织，“民间社会在预防和打击导致恐怖主义的暴力极端主义和激进化中的作用”，25-26.30。联合国，“联合国系统在执行《联合国全球反恐战略》方面的活动”;Osce 2018: 25).31。Christensen，“民间行动者在去激进化和脱离接触倡议中的作用”，第32页。Ibid.33。戴维斯，《安全、极端主义和教育》;斯蒂芬斯，《防止暴力极端主义》;Mesok，“肯尼亚的反叛乱、社区参与以及预防和打击暴力极端主义议程”，第34页。Heath-Kelly，《反恐与反事实》，第35页。布朗，《性别、宗教、极端主义》;Mesok，“肯尼亚的反叛乱、社区参与以及预防和打击暴力极端主义议程”，第36页。Kienscherf，“生产”负责任的“自我治理”，174.37。Mesok，“肯尼亚的反叛乱、社区参与以及预防和打击暴力极端主义议程”，730.38。Van der Weert and Eijkmann， <激进化和暴力极端主义检测中的主观性>，第39页。佩德尔等人，“激进的孤独行动者恐怖分子的影响和脆弱性:英国从业者的观点”，第9.40页。如上,9.41。 Van der Weert and Eijkmann， <激进化和暴力极端主义检测中的主观性>，第42页。佩德尔等人，“激进的孤独行动者恐怖分子的影响和脆弱性:英国从业者的观点”，43。马特森，"夹在紧急和可理解之间"，13.44页。如上,15.45。Talentino，“对建设和平的看法”，153.46。突尼斯世俗公民社会组织是否展示了民主学习的过程?797.47“。Al-Anani， <后阿拉伯之春的伊斯兰政党>，第48页。b<s:1> rkner和Scott，“空间想象和选择性可见性”，9.49。Yousfir， <突尼斯的公民社会>第50页。Mihr，“与非国家和安全行为者的半结构化访谈”，66-68.51。Watanabe和Merz， <突尼斯的圣战问题和如何处理>，138-139.52。苏凡集团2015年，《外国战士》，第53页。Masbah，“摩洛哥外国战士”;Masbah，“北非的跨国安全挑战”;IRI，“了解突尼斯暴力极端主义的当地驱动因素”，54页。El-Said，《去激进化伊斯兰主义者》，55。《一项新倡议》，全国范围内的<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -Wainscott， <将伊斯兰教官僚化>，第57页。Gartenstein-Ross and Moreng， < Sousse大屠杀后的突尼斯圣战主义>，58。达尔马索，<在摩洛哥的民主海啸中冲浪>，第59页。福捷，<突尼斯有争议的政治>，第60页。马丁，《突尼斯公民社会》;亚库尔蒂，<摩洛哥不断变化的景观>，第61页。布雷特等人，“从丹麦和其他国家在发展背景下打击暴力极端主义(CVE)的努力中吸取的教训报告”，第20.62页。2018年5月13日，卡塞林，对民间社会活动家、妇女组织伊曼内的采访。与民间社会活动家比拉尔的非正式谈话，突尼斯，2018年5月10日;与民间社会活动家、妇女组织伊曼内的访谈，卡塞林，2018年5月13日。访谈Omar，发展顾问和公民社会活动家，2022年4月27日在线;访谈Rachid，公民社会活动家和非政府组织工作人员，2022.65年5月20日在线。阿亚里，“有利的因素”，“极端的突尼斯暴力事件”，2010年，9.66。采访艾哈迈德，研究员和民间社会活动家，社会科学学院，Medenine 2018年5月23日。2018年5月21日，欧盟驻突尼斯代表团国际工作人员Lucas访谈;2018年5月14日，联合国驻突尼斯国际工作人员Alexander访谈;2018年5月25日，荷兰驻突尼斯大使馆国际工作人员Peter访谈。2018年5月25日，对突尼斯荷兰大使馆国际工作人员Peter的采访。采访欧盟驻突尼斯代表团国际工作人员Lucas, 2018.70年5月21日采访欧盟驻突尼斯代表团国际工作人员Lucas, 2018.71年5月21日Koehler，“我们如何以及为什么应该认真对待去极端化”，1.72。对发展顾问和民间社会活动家奥马尔的访谈，2022.73年4月27日在线。与民间社会活动家穆罕默德的非正式谈话，卡塞林，2022.74年6月8日。2018年5月25日，突尼斯，对民间社会活动家、民间社会倡议组织Marouen的采访。与民间社会活动家莫阿兹的非正式对话，突尼斯，2018.07专访奥马尔，发展顾问和公民社会活动家，20122.77年4月27日在线。Banks和Hulme，“非政府组织和公民社会在发展和减贫中的作用”，12.78。采访哈姆扎，研究员和民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018.09Bastani和Gazotti，“仍然有点不舒服，成为国家的一个分支”，10.80。与民间社会活动家卡里姆的非正式谈话，卡塞林，2022.81年3月10日。采访哈姆扎，研究员和公民社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月9日。采访法特玛，公民社会活动家，青年组织，苏塞，1918年5月19日;2018年5月10日，突尼斯，与民间社会活动家比拉尔的非正式对话。采访阿迪勒，研究员和民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月6日，#3;采访艾哈迈德，研究员和民间社会活动家，社会科学学院，麦德尼，2018年5月23日。采访哈姆扎，研究员和民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月9日与民间社会活动家莫阿兹的非正式谈话，突尼斯，2018年5月15日。与民间社会活动家莫阿兹的非正式对话，突尼斯，2018年5月15日。与研究员莉娜的非正式谈话，在线，2022.88年4月23日。2018年5月15日至16日，突尼斯，民间社会活动家、民间社会组织成员艾夏采访艾哈迈德，研究员和民间社会活动家，社会科学学院，麦德尼，2018年5月23日，采访马里姆，民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月10日。2018年5月10日，突尼斯，对公民社会活动家玛丽安的采访。采访艾哈迈德，研究员和民间社会活动家，麦德尼社会科学学院，2018年5月23日;采访穆罕默德，民间社会活动家，卡塞林，2022年6月8日;采访哈姆扎，研究员和民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月9日;采访奥马尔，发展顾问和民间社会活动家，在线，2022.92年4月27日。访谈哈姆扎，研究员和公民社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月9日;访谈奥马尔，发展顾问和公民社会活动家，在线，2022.93年4月27日。访谈Omar，发展顾问和公民社会活动家，2022年4月27日，在线;访谈Rachid，公民社会活动家和非政府组织工作人员，在线，2022年5月20日。对民间社会活动家、非政府组织工作人员拉希德的访谈，20122.95年5月20日在线。采访萨拉，公民社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月7日;采访穆罕默德，公民社会活动家，卡塞林，2022年6月8日。对民间社会活动家穆罕默德的采访，卡塞林，2022.97年6月8日。采访Sarah，民间社会活动家，突尼斯，2018年5月7日;采访Ahmed，研究员和民间社会活动家，Medenine社会科学学院，2018年5月23日。b<s:1> rkner和Scott，“空间想象和选择性可见性”。lydia Letsch拥有人类学、和平与冲突研究的学术背景，目前是佛罗伦萨SNS跨国治理专业的博士候选人。她的博士项目研究了当地安全安排如何在正式机构之外出现和发挥作用，以及它们如何影响北非边境地区的社区。

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来源期刊

Conflict Security & Development INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS-

CiteScore

2.90

自引率

7.70%

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