Organochlorine Contaminant, Triclosan Leads to Increased Levels of Trihalomethanes in Drinking Water Sources across the United States

Wendy Wilburn, Sujata Guha, Ryan Beni
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Abstract

Organochlorine contaminants, such as Triclosan (TCS), are present in drinking water sources across the United States. Since TCS was developed in the late 1960s, antimicrobial compounds have been widely used as multipurpose ingredients in everyday consumer products, can be ingested or absorbed through the skin, and are found in human plasma, breast milk, and urine samples. Monitored by the United States Toxic Substances Control Act, TCS production was limited to 1 million pounds per year, yet by 1998 production of TCS steadily increased from 1 million pounds to 10 million, with an estimated production of approximately 14 million globally by 2011. Studies have shown that the expanded use of antimicrobial agents causes them to be found and remain suspended in the ecosystem, most notably the soil and watersheds. Research has shown emerging concerns related to the overuse of TCS, such as dermal irritations, higher incidence of antibacterial-related allergies, microbial resistance, endocrine system disruptions, altered thyroid hormone activity, metabolism, and tumor metastasis and growth, with overexposure playing a role in inflammatory responsiveness, which could cause adverse outcomes and is associated with numerous pathologies, including cardiovascular disease and several types of cancers. To understand the impact of the overuse of TCS-containing products on water quality before the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) began to require pre-market approval, we have analyzed the data reported between March 2005 and 2015 by Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) on the levels of total trihalomethanes (TTHM), such as chloroform, a product of free chlorine added to TCS in the metropolitan areas primary water sources across the United States, as they correlated to increased production of antibacterial agent, TCS. Our study concluded that increased use of products containing the antimicrobial agent TCS contributes to higher levels of total organochlorine contaminant, trichloromethane, leading to an increase in TTHM levels recorded annually on water quality reports.
有机氯污染物三氯生导致美国饮用水源中三卤甲烷含量增加
有机氯污染物,如三氯生(TCS),存在于美国各地的饮用水源中。自从TCS在20世纪60年代末被开发出来以来,抗菌化合物已被广泛用作日常消费品中的多用途成分,可以通过皮肤摄入或吸收,并在人类血浆、母乳和尿液样本中发现。在《美国有毒物质控制法》的监测下,TCS的产量被限制在每年100万磅,但到1998年,TCS的产量从100万磅稳步增加到1000万磅,到2011年,全球TCS的产量估计约为1400万磅。研究表明,抗菌剂的广泛使用导致它们在生态系统中被发现并保持悬浮状态,尤其是在土壤和流域中。研究显示,与TCS过度使用有关的新问题,如皮肤刺激、抗菌相关过敏的高发生率、微生物耐药性、内分泌系统紊乱、甲状腺激素活性改变、代谢、肿瘤转移和生长,过度暴露在炎症反应中起作用,这可能导致不良后果,并与许多病理相关,包括心血管疾病和几种癌症。为了了解在食品和药物管理局(FDA)开始要求上市前批准之前过度使用含TCS的产品对水质的影响,我们分析了2005年3月至2015年消费者信心报告(CCR)中报告的总三卤甲烷(TTHM)水平的数据,如氯仿,氯仿是一种游离氯添加到TCS中的产物,在美国大都市地区主要水源中。因为它们与抗菌剂TCS的产量增加有关。我们的研究得出的结论是,越来越多地使用含有抗菌剂TCS的产品会导致总有机氯污染物三氯甲烷的含量增加,导致每年水质报告中记录的TTHM水平增加。
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