{"title":"Three Little Birds: Reassembling Typological Thought","authors":"Tiziana Gallo, Craig N. Cipolla","doi":"10.1080/00293652.2023.2261945","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe typologies that archaeologists use to classify artefacts and situate them chronologically and culturally are crucial tools of the discipline but; when left unquestioned, however, they tend to produce reductive and essentializing understandings of the past. Like all theoretical interventions, assemblage theory questions the unquestioned, in this case, asking archaeologists to radically rethink the relationality of the world and the power and vibrancy of nonhuman and nonliving things like stone. In this article, we take an assemblage-based approach to an old typological problem – sorting birdstones. Since the mid-19th century, collectors and archaeologists categorized birdstones found throughout the American Northeast according to evolutionary or culture-historical principles. These approaches paid little attention to different varieties of stone, often regarding birdstones as if they were passive reflections of normative mindsets that came in only three culture-specific types. Here, we explore how archaeologists might ‘reassemble’ typological thought, analysing and thinking through a large sample of materially varied birdstones to find much more than three little birds. Recognizing how the shared and specific capacities of different stones actively contributed to the multiplicity of birdstone morphologies resituates them as singular and changing assemblages while highlighting the potentials of questioning the fixity of both typological and material categories at large. AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank the editorial staff of Norwegian Archaeological Review, two anonymous peer reviewers for offering helpful suggestions on how to improve the article, and Dr Justin Jennings and April Hawkins of the Royal Ontario Museum, Archaeology of the Americas Department, for supporting their research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 This sample excludes all birdstones that are from known burial contexts and those whose shaping traces indicate possible forgery.2 This total includes all different eye-base-feet groupings. It however does not consider the presence of illusory eyes (which would bring the total of groupings up to 46) and excludes birdstone preforms and birdstones with missing or incomplete eyes or bases.Additional informationFundingTiziana Gallo’s research is supported by a Rebanks Postdoctoral Fellowship in Ontario Archaeology.","PeriodicalId":45030,"journal":{"name":"Norwegian Archaeological Review","volume":"284 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.8000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Norwegian Archaeological Review","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00293652.2023.2261945","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"0","JCRName":"ARCHAEOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
AbstractThe typologies that archaeologists use to classify artefacts and situate them chronologically and culturally are crucial tools of the discipline but; when left unquestioned, however, they tend to produce reductive and essentializing understandings of the past. Like all theoretical interventions, assemblage theory questions the unquestioned, in this case, asking archaeologists to radically rethink the relationality of the world and the power and vibrancy of nonhuman and nonliving things like stone. In this article, we take an assemblage-based approach to an old typological problem – sorting birdstones. Since the mid-19th century, collectors and archaeologists categorized birdstones found throughout the American Northeast according to evolutionary or culture-historical principles. These approaches paid little attention to different varieties of stone, often regarding birdstones as if they were passive reflections of normative mindsets that came in only three culture-specific types. Here, we explore how archaeologists might ‘reassemble’ typological thought, analysing and thinking through a large sample of materially varied birdstones to find much more than three little birds. Recognizing how the shared and specific capacities of different stones actively contributed to the multiplicity of birdstone morphologies resituates them as singular and changing assemblages while highlighting the potentials of questioning the fixity of both typological and material categories at large. AcknowledgmentsThe authors thank the editorial staff of Norwegian Archaeological Review, two anonymous peer reviewers for offering helpful suggestions on how to improve the article, and Dr Justin Jennings and April Hawkins of the Royal Ontario Museum, Archaeology of the Americas Department, for supporting their research.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 This sample excludes all birdstones that are from known burial contexts and those whose shaping traces indicate possible forgery.2 This total includes all different eye-base-feet groupings. It however does not consider the presence of illusory eyes (which would bring the total of groupings up to 46) and excludes birdstone preforms and birdstones with missing or incomplete eyes or bases.Additional informationFundingTiziana Gallo’s research is supported by a Rebanks Postdoctoral Fellowship in Ontario Archaeology.
期刊介绍:
Norwegian Archaeological Review published since 1968, aims to be an interface between archaeological research in the Nordic countries and global archaeological trends, a meeting ground for current discussion of theoretical and methodical problems on an international scientific level. The main focus is on the European area, but discussions based upon results from other parts of the world are also welcomed. The comments of specialists, along with the author"s reply, are given as an addendum to selected articles. The Journal is also receptive to uninvited opinions and comments on a wider scope of archaeological themes, e.g. articles in Norwegian Archaeological Review or other journals, monographies, conferences.