Why Pakistan Forges Ahead and India Lags Behind? Analysis of Sports Equipment Exports in Global Context

IF 1.3 Q1 AREA STUDIES

Millennial Asia Pub Date : 2023-10-22 DOI:10.1177/09763996231191735

Varinder Jain

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Abstract

Focusing on India and Pakistan, this article examines their relative performance in sports equipment exports during the 2003–2020 periods. Utilizing secondary trade data available from UN Comtrade, it analyses their performance in sports equipment exports (HS-92) at the six-digit level, mainly to ascertain disparities in export performance at commodity level. Besides drawing inferences about global sports equipment exports (since 1990), it examines sports equipment export performance by tracing the pattern of export composition, export concentration and export growth, along with inferring the incidence of export instability, comparative advantage and trade balance. Indices like Herfindahl–Hirschman index (and its standardized version), Hall–Tideman index, entropy concentration index, Cappock instability index, Cuddy-Della Valle index, Balassa’s measure of comparative advantage and trade balance index are estimated to draw inferences. An analytical exercise indicates that India’s global share has not only declined over time, but it has also been lagging in exporting various types of sports equipment—its comparative advantage has waned over time, whereas such is not the case with Pakistan, which has recorded relatively better performance. A comparative perspective on the nature of the policy framework in both nations is drawn. Moreover, the article examines commodity-wise global dominance of India and Pakistan (in comparison with China) to trace commodities for which these countries have been gaining significance in global markets. Finally, the article urges the Indian State to devote serious attention to strengthening sports goods manufacturing in India, as India is currently facing a trade deficit in the global trade of sports equipment.

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为什么巴基斯坦领先而印度落后?全球运动器材出口分析

本文以印度和巴基斯坦为研究对象，考察了两国在2003-2020年期间体育器材出口方面的相对表现。利用UN Comtrade提供的二手贸易数据，分析了它们在六位数水平上的运动器材出口(HS-92)表现，主要是为了确定商品水平上的出口表现差异。除了对全球体育器材出口(自1990年以来)进行推断外，本文还通过追踪出口构成、出口集中度和出口增长的模式，以及推断出口不稳定性、比较优势和贸易平衡的发生率，来考察体育器材的出口表现。估计Herfindahl-Hirschman指数(及其标准化版本)、Hall-Tideman指数、熵浓度指数、Cappock不稳定性指数、Cuddy-Della Valle指数、Balassa比较优势指数和贸易平衡指数等指数可以得出推论。一项分析表明，印度的全球份额不仅随着时间的推移而下降，而且在出口各种运动器材方面也一直落后——它的比较优势随着时间的推移而减弱，而巴基斯坦的情况则不是这样，巴基斯坦的表现相对较好。对两国政策框架的性质进行了比较分析。此外，本文还考察了印度和巴基斯坦在商品方面的全球主导地位(与中国相比)，以追踪这些国家在全球市场上日益重要的商品。最后，文章敦促印度政府认真重视加强印度的体育用品制造业，因为印度目前在全球体育器材贸易中面临贸易逆差。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Millennial Asia AREA STUDIES-

CiteScore

4.50

自引率

12.50%

发文量

期刊介绍： Millennial Asia: An International Journal of Asian Studies is a multidisciplinary, refereed biannual journal of the Association of Asia Scholars (AAS)–an association of the alumni of the Asian Scholarship Foundation (ASF). It aims to encourage multifaceted, multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary research on Asia, in order to understand its fast changing context as a growth pole of global economy. By providing a forum for Asian scholars situated globally, it promotes dialogue between the global academic community, civil society and policy makers on Asian issues. The journal examines Asia on a regional and comparative basis, emphasizing patterns and tendencies that go beyond national borders and are globally relevant. Modern and contemporary Asia has witnessed dynamic transformations in cultures, societies, economies and political institutions, among others. It confronts issues of collective identity formation, ecological crisis, rapid economic change and resurgence of religion and communal identifies while embracing globalization. An analysis of past experiences can help produce a deeper understanding of contemporary change. In particular, the journal is interested in locating contemporary changes within a historical perspective, through the use of interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approaches. This way, it hopes to promote comparative studies involving Asia’s various regions. The journal brings out both thematic and general issues and the thrust areas are: Asian integration, Asian economies, sociology, culture, politics, governance, security, development issues, arts and literature and any other such issue as the editorial board may deem fit. The core fields include development encompassing agriculture, industry, regional trade, social sectors like health and education and development policy across the region and in specific countries in a comparative perspective.