Effect of layer addition on residual stresses of wire arc additive manufactured stainless steel specimens

IF 2.4 3区 工程技术 Q3 ENGINEERING, MANUFACTURING
Sebastien Rouquette, Camille Cambon, Issam Bendaoud, Sandra Cabeza, Fabien Soulié
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Abstract

Abstract Residual stresses have been characterized in four Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing specimens with neutron diffraction technique. Firstly, two methods are investigated for obtaining the reference diffracted angle θ0 that is required for the computation of micro-strains and, thus, the stresses. θ0 was obtained using two approaches. The first one required a strain-free specimen in order to get directly the reference diffracted angles θ0 in three directions. The second one is based on the plane stress assumption to get θ0 indirectly by imposing that the normal stress was equal to zero. Both methods led to similar residual stress profiles for the 1-layer specimen what validated this approach for all specimens that did not have a strain-free specimen available. The second part of this work focused on the effect of addition of a new layer on residual stresses. The measurements showed that the longitudinal stress was tensile in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and Fusion Zone (FZ) with a maximum value located at the parent material - layers interface where the thermal loadings were applied. A decrease of this maximum value from 257 MPa to 199 MPa appeared after deposition of a new layer which is due to some stress relaxation effect. Inside the parent material, a large zone presents compressive longitudinal stress up to -170 MPa. The bottom part of the parent material is under tensile stress likely due to its upward bending following the thermal contraction of the deposited layers during cooling to ambient temperature.
添加层对焊丝电弧添加剂制备不锈钢试样残余应力的影响
摘要利用中子衍射技术对四线电弧增材制造试样的残余应力进行了表征。首先,研究了两种方法来获得计算微应变所需的参考衍射角θ0,从而得到应力。θ0采用两种方法求得。第一种方法需要一个无应变的试样,以便在三个方向上直接得到参考衍射角θ0。第二个是基于平面应力假设,通过施加法向应力等于零来间接得到θ0。两种方法都得到了类似的1层试样的残余应力分布,这证实了这种方法适用于所有没有无应变试样的试样。本工作的第二部分重点研究了添加新层对残余应力的影响。测量结果表明,纵向应力在热影响区(HAZ)和熔合区(FZ)是拉伸的,最大应力位于施加热载荷的母材层界面处。新层沉积后,由于应力松弛效应,该最大值从257 MPa下降到199 MPa。母材内部存在较大的纵向压应力区,最大可达-170 MPa。母材的底部承受着拉应力,这可能是由于在冷却到环境温度时沉积层的热收缩导致其向上弯曲。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
6.80
自引率
20.00%
发文量
126
审稿时长
12 months
期刊介绍: Areas of interest including, but not limited to: Additive manufacturing; Advanced materials and processing; Assembly; Biomedical manufacturing; Bulk deformation processes (e.g., extrusion, forging, wire drawing, etc.); CAD/CAM/CAE; Computer-integrated manufacturing; Control and automation; Cyber-physical systems in manufacturing; Data science-enhanced manufacturing; Design for manufacturing; Electrical and electrochemical machining; Grinding and abrasive processes; Injection molding and other polymer fabrication processes; Inspection and quality control; Laser processes; Machine tool dynamics; Machining processes; Materials handling; Metrology; Micro- and nano-machining and processing; Modeling and simulation; Nontraditional manufacturing processes; Plant engineering and maintenance; Powder processing; Precision and ultra-precision machining; Process engineering; Process planning; Production systems optimization; Rapid prototyping and solid freeform fabrication; Robotics and flexible tooling; Sensing, monitoring, and diagnostics; Sheet and tube metal forming; Sustainable manufacturing; Tribology in manufacturing; Welding and joining
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