Independent, structurally distinct transitions to microfruticose growth in the crustose genus Porina (Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes): new isidioid species from south-western Florida

IF 16.4 1区 化学 Q1 CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY
William Sanders, Roberto De Carolis, Damien Ertz, Asunción de los Ríos, Lucia Muggia
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Abstract Porina is a widely distributed, species-rich genus of crustose, lichen-forming fungi, some with thalline outgrowths that have been recognized as isidia. We studied three taxa with thalli consisting chiefly of ascending isidioid structures occurring on trunks and branches of Taxodium in southwestern Florida, and provide details of their structure with light and electron microscopy. Two of these taxa we describe as new species: P. microcoralloides and P. nanoarbuscula. Genetic sequences (mtSSU) suggest that they are closely related to each other, yet they differ markedly in the size, morphology and anatomical organization of their isidioid branches as well as in the length of their ascospores. In the three Floridian taxa studied, the crustose portion of the thallus is partly endophloeodic and partly superficial, the latter often patchy, evanescent or inconspicuous, and completely lacks the differentiated anatomical organization characteristic of the isidioid structures arising from it. In Porina microcoralloides, the ascendant thallus consists of branched, coralloid inflated structures with phycobiont (Trentepohlia) unicells arranged at the periphery of a loose central medulla. Sparse fungal cells are interspersed and overlie the algal layer in places, but no differentiated cortex is present, leaving phycobiont cells more or less exposed at the surface. In the closely related Porina nanoarbuscula, the isidioid structures are much finer, more densely branched, and composed of a single, central file of roughly spherical Trentepohlia cells surrounded by a jacket of subglobose fungal cells. The ascospores of P. microcoralloides are more than twice the length of those of P. nanoarbuscula. Although thalli of these two Porina species occur in the same habitats and are sometimes found growing alongside each other, phylogenetic analysis of rbcL sequences suggest that they partner with distinct clades of Trentepohlia phycobionts. A third taxon examined, Porina cf. scabrida, is morphologically rather similar to P. microcoralloides, but the ascendant branches are bright yellow-orange, more cylindrical, and corticated by a thin layer of agglutinated fungal hyphae; perithecia were not seen. Analysis of mtSSU sequences places it distant from P. microcoralloides and P. nanoarbuscula phylogenetically. None of the Floridian taxa studied was particularly close to the European isidiate species Porina hibernica and P. pseudohibernica, which appeared as sister to each other in the analysis. While a particular type of isidiose structure may be reliably characteristic of specific taxa, similarities or differences in these structures do not seem to be useful indicators of phylogenetic proximity or distances among taxa. The morphological trends evident in Porina suggest that multiple transitions from crustose to isidioid or microfruticose growth have arisen repeatedly and in quite different ways within this single genus. At least some of the diverse structures treated within the broad concept of isidia may be representative of the developmental pathways by which fruticose growth forms may arise.
独立的,结构上不同的过渡到微果实生长的壳孢属Porina (Ostropales, Lecanoromycetes):来自佛罗里达州西南部的新的isidioid物种
Porina是一种分布广泛、种类丰富的甲壳类、地衣形成真菌属,其中一些有菌体生长,已被认为是isidia。本文研究了美国佛罗里达州西南部Taxodium(紫杉属)树干和枝上的3个主要由升状isidioid结构组成的菌体类群,并利用光镜和电镜对其结构进行了详细的研究。我们将其中两个分类群描述为新种:微珊瑚和纳米灌木。遗传序列(mtSSU)表明它们彼此密切相关,但它们在isidioid分支的大小,形态和解剖组织以及子囊孢子的长度上存在显着差异。在所研究的三个佛罗里达类群中,菌体的硬壳部分部分是内生的,部分是浅表的,后者往往是斑块状的、短暂的或不明显的,完全缺乏由此产生的isidioid结构的分化解剖组织特征。在微珊瑚孔菌中,上升菌体由分支的、珊瑚状的膨胀结构组成,在疏松的中央髓质周围排列着共生菌(Trentepohlia)单细胞。稀疏的真菌细胞散布在藻层上,但没有分化的皮层,使藻共生细胞或多或少暴露在表面。在密切相关的纳米孔虫中,孔虫结构更精细,分支更密集,由一个单一的中央文件组成,大致是球形的Trentepohlia细胞,周围是一层近球形的真菌细胞。微珊瑚芽孢的子囊孢子长度是纳米灌木芽孢的2倍以上。虽然这两种孢粉菌的菌体出现在相同的栖息地,有时也会被发现生长在一起,但rbcL序列的系统发育分析表明,它们与Trentepohlia植菌体的不同分支相结合。第三个被研究的分类群,孢粉(Porina cf. scabrida),在形态上与微珊瑚孢粉(P. microcoralloides)非常相似,但其上升枝是明亮的黄橙色,更呈圆柱形,并由一层薄薄的真菌菌丝凝集而成;Perithecia不见了。mtSSU序列分析表明其在系统发育上与微珊瑚和纳米灌木较远。研究的佛罗里达分类群与欧洲的冬眠Porina hibernica和P. pseudohibernica都没有特别接近,它们在分析中表现为彼此的姐妹。虽然一种特定类型的isidiose结构可能是特定分类群的可靠特征,但这些结构的相似性或差异似乎并不是分类群之间系统发育接近或距离的有用指标。在Porina中明显的形态趋势表明,在这个单一属中,从壳类到isidioid或微果类生长的多次转变以完全不同的方式反复出现。在isidia的广泛概念中,至少有一些不同的结构可以代表果实生长形式可能产生的发育途径。
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来源期刊
Accounts of Chemical Research
Accounts of Chemical Research 化学-化学综合
CiteScore
31.40
自引率
1.10%
发文量
312
审稿时长
2 months
期刊介绍: Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance. Accounts of Chemical Research replaces the traditional article abstract with an article "Conspectus." These entries synopsize the research affording the reader a closer look at the content and significance of an article. Through this provision of a more detailed description of the article contents, the Conspectus enhances the article's discoverability by search engines and the exposure for the research.
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