Excavating the English-Language Press in the Ottoman Empire (1841–1923) Editors, State Actors, Readers

IF 0.4 Q4 COMMUNICATION
Stéphanie Prévost
{"title":"Excavating the English-Language Press in the Ottoman Empire (1841–1923) Editors, State Actors, Readers","authors":"Stéphanie Prévost","doi":"10.1080/13688804.2023.2280034","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractThe English-language press in the Ottoman Empire was long thought near inexistent. While this article acknowledges that most English-language press titles in that country were few compared to the French-Ottoman press and resorted to French at one moment or another in their history, it investigates a body of English-Ottoman serials that proclaimed some connection to Britain or the US over the period 1841–1923 in order to expose the complex and multidirectional power relationships between British/American Levantine editors, British/American diplomatic actors, the Ottoman State, and readers (both in the Ottoman Empire and beyond). What did it mean to publish an English-Ottoman serial? Considering language as a social practice that helps reconcile the local and the global in the context of the foreign language press, this article seeks to understand motivations behind English-language serial publishing in the Ottoman Empire and how a mix of local/global constraints shaped titles like The Levant Herald (1856–1914).KEYWORDS: English-foreign-language pressFlexi-language pressOttoman censorshipThe Levant Heraldcapitulationsentangled history Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 A sign of this interest was a discussion on H-Turk in January 2011, launched Prof. Wayne H. Bowen’s post. https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-turk&month=1101&week=d&msg=Q6QhKzxXroJk/IWDCSrwqw&user=&pw = (Last consulted 30 November 2021).2 Latour, “The Powers of Association,” 277.3 Groc and Çağlar, La Presse française de Turquie, 6–8.4 The Smyrna Mail lasted less than two years (1862–1864), but remains a key testimony for the development of railway in that port city and the presence of European commercial networks.5 L’Impartial, Journal de Smyrne (1841–1915?), edited by Anthony Edwards, was the first newspaper published partly in English, before rapidly switching to French. The few surviving paper copies are spread between American libraries (Yale and The Library of Congress for 1841–1843) and the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1848–1852; 1889–1890). (Incomplete) English-language Ottoman press paper collections were retroceded to Center for Islamic Studies (Istanbul) under the British Library’s restitution programme (1996–8), with the latter retaining microfilms.6 The Manifest of Vessels provided news of shipping movements in Smyrna in the 1880s–1890s, but is only documented through indirect mentions. “The Americano-English Continental Printed Press”, The Newsman (New York), January 1891, 7–8.7 The Orient, 20 April 1910: 1.8 Tanatar Baruh, “Francophone Press”.9 “Turkey – The Levant Herald”, London and China Herald, 9 October 1868: 23.10 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 76.11 “Journaux français”, Annuaire oriental du commerce, de l'industrie, de l'administration et de la magistrature, Constantinople, 1891: 529.12 The change in proprietors at The Levant Herald and Eastern Express to the Maltese Stambouliot lawyer Lewis Mizzi in the early 1900s led to an increase of French in the weekly edition for abroad.13 French original quoted in Zuccolo, La Stampa Francofona, 56.14 Koloğlu, “La Formation des intellectuels,”140.15 Öndeş, “The Story of The Orient News Newspaper”.16 Turkey. Further Correspondence. Part VI, October-December 1923, Foreign Office Papers, National Archives, Kew, London, FO 424/259: 2-4; Eastern Affairs. Further Correspondence Part II, 1919, FO 406/41: 296–297.17 Stratford Canning to Viscount Palmerston, 19 July and 15 August 1849, FO 83/1109.18 Urgandokur, “The Story of Ceride-i Havadis”.19 Twain, Innocents Abroad, 374.20 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 53.21 “Turkey”, Armagh Guardian, 28 October 1859: 6.22 Acceptance form, 16 September, 1861, FO 78/3197:20-21.23 Âli Pasha to the British Embassy, 18 January 1865, FO 78/3197: 15-18.24 Ottoman Ministerial Decree, Suspension decision of 16 January 1867, FO 78/3197: 40; “Notification officielle”, La Turquie, 12 March 1867, FO 78/3197: 163.25 Lord Lyons to FO, 29 January 1867, FO 78/3197: 34; Lyons to McCoan, 2 March 1867, FO 78/3197: 140.26 McCoan to FO, 25 July 1872, FO 78/3197: 229-233.27 “To Our Readers”, The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette, vol. 1, n°1, 16 November 1868: 1; Elliot to McCoan, 26 May 1872, FO 78/3197: 213.28 “Cour suprême britannique”, The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette, 19 July 1870, 768.29 “Edgar Whitaker”, Journal de Salonique, 31 August 1903, 2.30 Bulletin of the Levant Times, 10 August 1874, Enclosure, FO 78/3197: 277.31 Elliot to Derby, 10 September 1874, FO 78/3197: 316.32 Case brief to FO, Hanly’s letters of 26–27 November 1874 to Elliot, FO 78/3197: 281-282.33 Elliot to Derby, 22 November 1874, FO 78/3197: 330-333.34 Hitzel, “Un parcours inattendu,” 211.35 Groc and Çağlar, La Presse française de Turquie, 479.36 Yosmaoğlu, “Chasing the Printed Word,” 18.37 “British Post Office at Constantinople”, Hansard, HC Debate, 2 July 1896, § 537; Curzon to Salisbury, PS by Lord Salisbury to FO, 17 July 1896, FO 78/5259.38 Des Godins de Souhesmes, Au Pays des Osmanlis, 375.39 Çağlar, “Turmoil in the Capital,” 134.40 Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople: 151.41 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 36–78.42 Georgeon, Des Ottomans aux Turcs, 188; Whittall to Currie, 11 February 1896, FO 78/5259.43 Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 318.44 ‘Avis’, The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 22 June 1895, 5.45 Godins de Souhesmes, Au Pays des Osmanlis: 380, 385.46 Whittall to Currie, 11 February 1896, FO 78/5259.47 Currie to Salisbury, 24 December 1896, FO 78/5259.48 For circulation figures, see Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 337–8.49 “The Americano-English Continental Printed Press”, The Newsman (New York), January 1891, 7–8.50 Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 365.51 Janssens, “Towards a Multilingual Franca Approach,” 623.52 Cf. Cooper-Richet, “The English-Language Press in Continental Europe,” 221–40.53 Dupont and Türesay, “L’actualité internationale à l’échelle d’un empire,” 100.Additional informationNotes on contributorsStéphanie PrévostStéphanie Prévost, Institut universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, LARCA (CNRS-UMR 8225), France; Email: stephanie.prevost@u-paris.fr","PeriodicalId":44733,"journal":{"name":"Media History","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Media History","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/13688804.2023.2280034","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q4","JCRName":"COMMUNICATION","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0

Abstract

AbstractThe English-language press in the Ottoman Empire was long thought near inexistent. While this article acknowledges that most English-language press titles in that country were few compared to the French-Ottoman press and resorted to French at one moment or another in their history, it investigates a body of English-Ottoman serials that proclaimed some connection to Britain or the US over the period 1841–1923 in order to expose the complex and multidirectional power relationships between British/American Levantine editors, British/American diplomatic actors, the Ottoman State, and readers (both in the Ottoman Empire and beyond). What did it mean to publish an English-Ottoman serial? Considering language as a social practice that helps reconcile the local and the global in the context of the foreign language press, this article seeks to understand motivations behind English-language serial publishing in the Ottoman Empire and how a mix of local/global constraints shaped titles like The Levant Herald (1856–1914).KEYWORDS: English-foreign-language pressFlexi-language pressOttoman censorshipThe Levant Heraldcapitulationsentangled history Disclosure StatementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Notes1 A sign of this interest was a discussion on H-Turk in January 2011, launched Prof. Wayne H. Bowen’s post. https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-turk&month=1101&week=d&msg=Q6QhKzxXroJk/IWDCSrwqw&user=&pw = (Last consulted 30 November 2021).2 Latour, “The Powers of Association,” 277.3 Groc and Çağlar, La Presse française de Turquie, 6–8.4 The Smyrna Mail lasted less than two years (1862–1864), but remains a key testimony for the development of railway in that port city and the presence of European commercial networks.5 L’Impartial, Journal de Smyrne (1841–1915?), edited by Anthony Edwards, was the first newspaper published partly in English, before rapidly switching to French. The few surviving paper copies are spread between American libraries (Yale and The Library of Congress for 1841–1843) and the Bibliothèque nationale de France (1848–1852; 1889–1890). (Incomplete) English-language Ottoman press paper collections were retroceded to Center for Islamic Studies (Istanbul) under the British Library’s restitution programme (1996–8), with the latter retaining microfilms.6 The Manifest of Vessels provided news of shipping movements in Smyrna in the 1880s–1890s, but is only documented through indirect mentions. “The Americano-English Continental Printed Press”, The Newsman (New York), January 1891, 7–8.7 The Orient, 20 April 1910: 1.8 Tanatar Baruh, “Francophone Press”.9 “Turkey – The Levant Herald”, London and China Herald, 9 October 1868: 23.10 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 76.11 “Journaux français”, Annuaire oriental du commerce, de l'industrie, de l'administration et de la magistrature, Constantinople, 1891: 529.12 The change in proprietors at The Levant Herald and Eastern Express to the Maltese Stambouliot lawyer Lewis Mizzi in the early 1900s led to an increase of French in the weekly edition for abroad.13 French original quoted in Zuccolo, La Stampa Francofona, 56.14 Koloğlu, “La Formation des intellectuels,”140.15 Öndeş, “The Story of The Orient News Newspaper”.16 Turkey. Further Correspondence. Part VI, October-December 1923, Foreign Office Papers, National Archives, Kew, London, FO 424/259: 2-4; Eastern Affairs. Further Correspondence Part II, 1919, FO 406/41: 296–297.17 Stratford Canning to Viscount Palmerston, 19 July and 15 August 1849, FO 83/1109.18 Urgandokur, “The Story of Ceride-i Havadis”.19 Twain, Innocents Abroad, 374.20 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 53.21 “Turkey”, Armagh Guardian, 28 October 1859: 6.22 Acceptance form, 16 September, 1861, FO 78/3197:20-21.23 Âli Pasha to the British Embassy, 18 January 1865, FO 78/3197: 15-18.24 Ottoman Ministerial Decree, Suspension decision of 16 January 1867, FO 78/3197: 40; “Notification officielle”, La Turquie, 12 March 1867, FO 78/3197: 163.25 Lord Lyons to FO, 29 January 1867, FO 78/3197: 34; Lyons to McCoan, 2 March 1867, FO 78/3197: 140.26 McCoan to FO, 25 July 1872, FO 78/3197: 229-233.27 “To Our Readers”, The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette, vol. 1, n°1, 16 November 1868: 1; Elliot to McCoan, 26 May 1872, FO 78/3197: 213.28 “Cour suprême britannique”, The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette, 19 July 1870, 768.29 “Edgar Whitaker”, Journal de Salonique, 31 August 1903, 2.30 Bulletin of the Levant Times, 10 August 1874, Enclosure, FO 78/3197: 277.31 Elliot to Derby, 10 September 1874, FO 78/3197: 316.32 Case brief to FO, Hanly’s letters of 26–27 November 1874 to Elliot, FO 78/3197: 281-282.33 Elliot to Derby, 22 November 1874, FO 78/3197: 330-333.34 Hitzel, “Un parcours inattendu,” 211.35 Groc and Çağlar, La Presse française de Turquie, 479.36 Yosmaoğlu, “Chasing the Printed Word,” 18.37 “British Post Office at Constantinople”, Hansard, HC Debate, 2 July 1896, § 537; Curzon to Salisbury, PS by Lord Salisbury to FO, 17 July 1896, FO 78/5259.38 Des Godins de Souhesmes, Au Pays des Osmanlis, 375.39 Çağlar, “Turmoil in the Capital,” 134.40 Pears, Forty Years in Constantinople: 151.41 Çağlar, Anglophone Press in Constantinople, 36–78.42 Georgeon, Des Ottomans aux Turcs, 188; Whittall to Currie, 11 February 1896, FO 78/5259.43 Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 318.44 ‘Avis’, The Levant Herald and Eastern Express, 22 June 1895, 5.45 Godins de Souhesmes, Au Pays des Osmanlis: 380, 385.46 Whittall to Currie, 11 February 1896, FO 78/5259.47 Currie to Salisbury, 24 December 1896, FO 78/5259.48 For circulation figures, see Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 337–8.49 “The Americano-English Continental Printed Press”, The Newsman (New York), January 1891, 7–8.50 Giraud, “Livres et Journaux,” 365.51 Janssens, “Towards a Multilingual Franca Approach,” 623.52 Cf. Cooper-Richet, “The English-Language Press in Continental Europe,” 221–40.53 Dupont and Türesay, “L’actualité internationale à l’échelle d’un empire,” 100.Additional informationNotes on contributorsStéphanie PrévostStéphanie Prévost, Institut universitaire de France, Université Paris Cité, LARCA (CNRS-UMR 8225), France; Email: stephanie.prevost@u-paris.fr
挖掘奥斯曼帝国的英语新闻(1841-1923)编辑,国家行动者,读者
摘要长久以来,人们认为奥斯曼帝国几乎不存在英语报刊。虽然本文承认,大多数英语新闻标题在那个国家相比很少French-Ottoman新闻采取了法国在历史上的一个时刻,它调查English-Ottoman连续剧,宣布一些连接到英国或美国在1841 - 1923年期间为了揭露复杂、多向英国/美国黎凡特的编辑器之间的权力关系,英国/美国外交的演员,奥斯曼的状态,以及读者(包括奥斯曼帝国内外的读者)。出版一本英国-奥斯曼帝国的连载书意味着什么?考虑到语言作为一种社会实践,有助于在外语出版的背景下调和当地和全球,本文试图理解奥斯曼帝国英语系列出版背后的动机,以及当地/全球约束的混合如何塑造了《黎凡特先驱报》(1856-1914)这样的标题。关键词:英语外文出版社灵活文出版社阿曼审查《黎凡特先驱报》投降纠结的历史披露声明作者未报告潜在的利益冲突。注1这种兴趣的一个标志是2011年1月在H-Turk上的讨论,发起了Wayne H. Bowen教授的帖子。https://lists.h-net.org/cgi-bin/logbrowse.pl?trx=vx&list=h-turk&month=1101&week=d&msg=Q6QhKzxXroJk/IWDCSrwqw&user=&pw =(最后一次咨询于2021年11月30日)拉图尔,“联合的力量”277.3 Groc和Çağlar, La Presse franaise de Turquie, 6-8.4士麦那邮政持续了不到两年(1862-1864),但仍然是铁路在港口城市的发展和欧洲商业网络的存在的关键证据《公正报》(1841-1915 ?)由安东尼·爱德华兹编辑,是第一份部分用英语出版的报纸,后来迅速改用法语。现存的为数不多的纸质副本在美国图书馆(耶鲁大学和国会图书馆,1841-1843年)和法国国家图书馆(1848-1852年;1889 - 1890)。根据大英图书馆的归还方案(1996-8年),奥斯曼帝国的英文报纸收藏已归还给伊斯兰研究中心(伊斯坦布尔),后者保留缩微胶卷《船舶舱单》提供了19世纪80年代至90年代士麦拿航运运动的消息,但只是间接提及的记录。“美国-英国大陆印刷出版社”,新闻人(纽约),1891年1月,7-8.7东方,1910年4月20日:1.8 Tanatar Baruh,“法语出版社”《土耳其-黎凡特先驱报》,伦敦和中国先驱报,1868年10月9日:23.10 Çağlar,君士坦丁堡的英语出版社,76.11《法国新闻报》,《东方商业年鉴》,《工业年鉴》,《行政年鉴》,《地方行政年鉴》,君士坦丁堡,1891年:529.12《黎凡特先驱报》和《东方快报》的所有者在20世纪初由马耳他斯坦布里奥律师刘易斯·米齐(Lewis Mizzi)所有,这导致了面向海外的每周版中法语的增加法语原文引自Zuccolo, La Stampa francfona, 56.14 Koloğlu,“知识分子的形成”,140.15 Öndeş,“东方新闻报纸的故事”。16火鸡进一步的信件。第六部分,1923年10月至12月,外交部文件,伦敦邱园国家档案馆,FO 424/259: 2-4;东部的事务。进一步通信第二部分,1919年,FO 406/ 41,296 - 297.17斯特拉特福·坎宁致帕默斯顿子爵,1849年7月19日和8月15日,FO 83/1109.18乌尔干多克尔,“cerid -i - Havadis的故事”吐温,《海外无辜》,374.20 Çağlar,君士坦丁堡英语出版社,53.21“土耳其”,阿马卫报,1859年10月28日:6.22接受表格,1861年9月16日,FO 78/3197:20-21.23 Âli帕沙致英国大使馆,1865年1月18日,FO 78/3197: 15-18.24奥斯曼部长法令,1867年1月16日暂停决定,FO 78/3197: 40;“官员通知”,《土耳其报》,1867年3月12日,FO 78/3197: 163.25里昂勋爵致FO, 1867年1月29日,FO 78/3197: 34;Lyons致McCoan, 1867年3月2日,FO 78/3197: 140.26 McCoan致FO, 1872年7月25日,FO 78/3197: 229-233.27“致我们的读者”,The Levant Times and Shipping Gazette, vol. 1, n°1,1868年11月16日:1;1872年5月26日,埃利奥特致麦克恩信函,FO 78/3197: 213.28“Cour suprême britannique”,《累范特时报和航运公报》,1870年7月19日,768.29“埃德加·惠特克”,《Salonique杂志》,1903年8月31日,2.30《累范特时报公报》,1874年8月10日,附件,FO 78/3197: 277.31埃利奥特致德比,1874年9月10日,FO 78/3197: 316.32向FO提交的案件摘要,汉利1874年11月26日至27日致埃利奥特的信件,FO 78/3197: 281-282.33埃利奥特致德比,1874年11月22日,FO 78/3197: 282.33;330-333.34 Hitzel,“unparcours inattendu,”211.35 Groc and Çağlar, La Presse franaise de Turquie, 479.36 Yosmaoğlu,“追逐印刷文字,”18。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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