Non-compliance with the World Trade Organization agreements by exporters of the European bumblebee, Bombus terrestris

IF 3.6 Q2 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES
Cecilia Smith-Ramírez, Adriana Rendón-Funes, Mario Leiva, Marina Arbetman, Marcelo Aizen, Luis Agüero
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

International companies commercially rear bumblebees worldwide, the trade of which is regulated through agreements established by the World Trade Organization (WTO). Scientific studies have shown multiple negative effects of introduced commercial bumblebees on native bees in Japan, Australia, Sweden, Israel, Chile, and Argentina, calling into question the compliance of exporting with some of the established WTO international sanitary regulations. We analyzed international WTO sanitary regulations focusing on the international trade of bumblebees from the European Union (EU) and Israel, especially regarding bumblebee exports to Chile and their side effects in neighboring Argentina. We have gathered evidence showing that exporters of bumblebees do not comply with WTO international trade agreements in at least two ways: (1) the quality of commercialized bumblebees differs from the quality declared in their certifications, and (2) the countries that sell the bumblebees violate sanitary agreements, producing negative effects on other native pollinating insects and causing a cascade of adverse impacts affecting both the environment and agriculture. This situation suggests that companies that raise bumblebees are currently in breach of WTO regulations and continue to contribute to major environmental damage in southern South America and elsewhere.
欧洲大黄蜂(Bombus terrestris)出口商不遵守世界贸易组织协议
国际公司在全球范围内以商业方式饲养大黄蜂,其贸易由世界贸易组织(WTO)制定的协议进行监管。科学研究表明,在日本、澳大利亚、瑞典、以色列、智利和阿根廷,引进商业大黄蜂对本地蜜蜂产生了多重负面影响,这让人质疑出口是否符合一些既定的世贸组织国际卫生条例。我们分析了国际WTO卫生法规,重点关注欧盟(EU)和以色列的大黄蜂国际贸易,特别是大黄蜂出口到智利及其对邻国阿根廷的副作用。我们收集的证据表明,大黄蜂出口商至少在两个方面不遵守WTO国际贸易协定:(1)商业化大黄蜂的质量与其认证中声明的质量不同;(2)销售大黄蜂的国家违反卫生协定,对其他本地传粉昆虫产生负面影响,并对环境和农业造成一系列不利影响。这种情况表明,饲养大黄蜂的公司目前违反了世贸组织的规定,并继续对南美洲南部和其他地方的环境造成重大破坏。
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来源期刊
Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy
Sustainability: Science, Practice, and Policy Social Sciences-Geography, Planning and Development
CiteScore
12.00
自引率
0.00%
发文量
54
审稿时长
27 weeks
期刊介绍: Sustainability: Science, Practice and Policy is a refereed, open-access journal which recognizes that climate change and other socio-environmental challenges require significant transformation of existing systems of consumption and production. Complex and diverse arrays of societal factors and institutions will in coming decades need to reconfigure agro-food systems, implement renewable energy sources, and reinvent housing, modes of mobility, and lifestyles for the current century and beyond. These innovations will need to be formulated in ways that enhance global equity, reduce unequal access to resources, and enable all people on the planet to lead flourishing lives within biophysical constraints. The journal seeks to advance scientific and political perspectives and to cultivate transdisciplinary discussions involving researchers, policy makers, civic entrepreneurs, and others. The ultimate objective is to encourage the design and deployment of both local experiments and system innovations that contribute to a more sustainable future by empowering individuals and organizations and facilitating processes of social learning.
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