Climatology of and Factors Contributing to Occurrences of Near-0°C Temperatures and Associated Precipitation At and Near Terrace, British Columbia, Canada
Émile Cardinal, Julie M. Thériault, Ronald E. Stewart, Hadleigh D. Thompson, Stephen J. Déry
{"title":"Climatology of and Factors Contributing to Occurrences of Near-0°C Temperatures and Associated Precipitation At and Near Terrace, British Columbia, Canada","authors":"Émile Cardinal, Julie M. Thériault, Ronald E. Stewart, Hadleigh D. Thompson, Stephen J. Déry","doi":"10.1080/07055900.2023.2270560","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACTOccurrences of near-0°C temperatures (–2°C ≤ T ≤ 2°C) are common in cold regions such as Canada, and these conditions can lead to freeze–thaw events and hazardous precipitation. Many locations in the Coast Mountains within the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) are especially prone to near-0°C conditions. This study examines the factors that promote anomalously persistent near-0°C conditions, often with precipitation, in Terrace, a small industrial city within the Coast Mountains of northwestern BC. The climatology of near-0°C conditions and associated precipitation over the 1956–2020 period was developed using a combined network of weather stations and field data to study the atmospheric conditions and precipitation during periods of near-0°C conditions. Events with continuous near-0°C conditions generally had long durations, with a climatological mean of 11 h, which increases substantially if accompanied by precipitation (18 h), and even more if accompanied with freezing precipitation (38 h). The longest near-0°C event lasted 233 h and was associated with long-lasting snow and rain. By combining the field data information, large-scale weather conditions and long-term climatology, several factors that contribute to near-0°C conditions at Terrace were identified. These include the ocean’s proximity, the surrounding topography, persistent cloudiness, and diabatic processes associated with melting and freezing, although local factors linked with topographic features are also important. Collectively, this study has characterized and improved our understanding of Terrace's near-0°C conditions and its associated precipitation, and these insights can be used for improved forecasting of hazardous events in the area.Resume[Traduit par la rédaction] Les températures proches de 0°C (−2°C ≤ T ≤ 2°C) sont courantes dans les régions froides comme le Canada, et ces conditions peuvent entraîner des phénomènes de gel-dégel et des précipitations dangereuses. De nombreux endroits de la chaîne côtière de la province canadienne de la Colombie-Britannique sont particulièrement exposés à des conditions proches de 0°C. Cette étude se penche sur les facteurs qui favorisent des conditions anormalement persistantes proches de 0°C, souvent accompagnées de précipitations, à Terrace, une petite ville industrielle située dans la chaîne côtière du nord-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. La climatologie des conditions proches de 0°C et des précipitations associées sur la période 1956–2020 a été élaborée au moyen d’un réseau combiné de stations météorologiques et de données de terrain afin d’étudier les conditions atmosphériques et les précipitations pendant les périodes de conditions proches de 0°C. Les événements avec des conditions continues proches de 0°C ont généralement une longue durée, avec une moyenne climatologique de 11 heures, qui augmente considérablement s’ils sont accompagnés de précipitations (18 heures), et encore plus s’ils sont accompagnés de précipitations verglaçantes (38 heures). Le plus long épisode de températures proches de 0°C a duré 233 heures et a été associé à des chutes de neige et de pluie de longue durée. En combinant les données de terrain, les conditions météorologiques à grande échelle et la climatologie à long terme, plusieurs facteurs contribuant à des conditions proches de 0°C à Terrace ont été recensés. Il s’agit notamment de la proximité de l’océan, de la topographie environnante, de la nébulosité persistante et des processus diabatiques associés à la fonte et au gel, bien que les facteurs locaux liés aux caractéristiques topographiques soient également importants. Cette étude a permis de caractériser et d’améliorer notre compréhension des conditions de Terrace proches de 0°C et des précipitations associées, et ces connaissances peuvent servir à améliorer la prévision des phénomènes météorologiques dangereux dans la région.KEYWORDS: British ColumbiaCoast Mountainsobservationalcase studyclimatologicaltemperaturewinter precipitationMid-Latitudes AcknowledgmentsThank you to Hilary Smith and George Liu who downloaded most of the surface meteorological data and initiated the analysis. Finally, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availabilityThe Environment and Climate Change data are available from its main data archive website, at https://climate.weather.gc.ca/. The other station networks data are available on the BC Station Data Portal at the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium website, at https://www.pacificclimate.org/Additional informationFundingThis research was funded by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through the Global Water Futures programme (418474-1234), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (S.J.D., R.S. and J.M.T.), the Canada Research Chairs program (J.M.T. CRC-2018-00312) and Rio Tinto (S.J.D. IRCPJ 545115-18).","PeriodicalId":1,"journal":{"name":"Accounts of Chemical Research","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":16.4000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Accounts of Chemical Research","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/07055900.2023.2270560","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"化学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"CHEMISTRY, MULTIDISCIPLINARY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Abstract
ABSTRACTOccurrences of near-0°C temperatures (–2°C ≤ T ≤ 2°C) are common in cold regions such as Canada, and these conditions can lead to freeze–thaw events and hazardous precipitation. Many locations in the Coast Mountains within the Canadian province of British Columbia (BC) are especially prone to near-0°C conditions. This study examines the factors that promote anomalously persistent near-0°C conditions, often with precipitation, in Terrace, a small industrial city within the Coast Mountains of northwestern BC. The climatology of near-0°C conditions and associated precipitation over the 1956–2020 period was developed using a combined network of weather stations and field data to study the atmospheric conditions and precipitation during periods of near-0°C conditions. Events with continuous near-0°C conditions generally had long durations, with a climatological mean of 11 h, which increases substantially if accompanied by precipitation (18 h), and even more if accompanied with freezing precipitation (38 h). The longest near-0°C event lasted 233 h and was associated with long-lasting snow and rain. By combining the field data information, large-scale weather conditions and long-term climatology, several factors that contribute to near-0°C conditions at Terrace were identified. These include the ocean’s proximity, the surrounding topography, persistent cloudiness, and diabatic processes associated with melting and freezing, although local factors linked with topographic features are also important. Collectively, this study has characterized and improved our understanding of Terrace's near-0°C conditions and its associated precipitation, and these insights can be used for improved forecasting of hazardous events in the area.Resume[Traduit par la rédaction] Les températures proches de 0°C (−2°C ≤ T ≤ 2°C) sont courantes dans les régions froides comme le Canada, et ces conditions peuvent entraîner des phénomènes de gel-dégel et des précipitations dangereuses. De nombreux endroits de la chaîne côtière de la province canadienne de la Colombie-Britannique sont particulièrement exposés à des conditions proches de 0°C. Cette étude se penche sur les facteurs qui favorisent des conditions anormalement persistantes proches de 0°C, souvent accompagnées de précipitations, à Terrace, une petite ville industrielle située dans la chaîne côtière du nord-ouest de la Colombie-Britannique. La climatologie des conditions proches de 0°C et des précipitations associées sur la période 1956–2020 a été élaborée au moyen d’un réseau combiné de stations météorologiques et de données de terrain afin d’étudier les conditions atmosphériques et les précipitations pendant les périodes de conditions proches de 0°C. Les événements avec des conditions continues proches de 0°C ont généralement une longue durée, avec une moyenne climatologique de 11 heures, qui augmente considérablement s’ils sont accompagnés de précipitations (18 heures), et encore plus s’ils sont accompagnés de précipitations verglaçantes (38 heures). Le plus long épisode de températures proches de 0°C a duré 233 heures et a été associé à des chutes de neige et de pluie de longue durée. En combinant les données de terrain, les conditions météorologiques à grande échelle et la climatologie à long terme, plusieurs facteurs contribuant à des conditions proches de 0°C à Terrace ont été recensés. Il s’agit notamment de la proximité de l’océan, de la topographie environnante, de la nébulosité persistante et des processus diabatiques associés à la fonte et au gel, bien que les facteurs locaux liés aux caractéristiques topographiques soient également importants. Cette étude a permis de caractériser et d’améliorer notre compréhension des conditions de Terrace proches de 0°C et des précipitations associées, et ces connaissances peuvent servir à améliorer la prévision des phénomènes météorologiques dangereux dans la région.KEYWORDS: British ColumbiaCoast Mountainsobservationalcase studyclimatologicaltemperaturewinter precipitationMid-Latitudes AcknowledgmentsThank you to Hilary Smith and George Liu who downloaded most of the surface meteorological data and initiated the analysis. Finally, the authors would like to thank the reviewers for their constructive comments.Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Data availabilityThe Environment and Climate Change data are available from its main data archive website, at https://climate.weather.gc.ca/. The other station networks data are available on the BC Station Data Portal at the Pacific Climate Impacts Consortium website, at https://www.pacificclimate.org/Additional informationFundingThis research was funded by the Canada First Research Excellence Fund through the Global Water Futures programme (418474-1234), the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (S.J.D., R.S. and J.M.T.), the Canada Research Chairs program (J.M.T. CRC-2018-00312) and Rio Tinto (S.J.D. IRCPJ 545115-18).
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Accounts of Chemical Research presents short, concise and critical articles offering easy-to-read overviews of basic research and applications in all areas of chemistry and biochemistry. These short reviews focus on research from the author’s own laboratory and are designed to teach the reader about a research project. In addition, Accounts of Chemical Research publishes commentaries that give an informed opinion on a current research problem. Special Issues online are devoted to a single topic of unusual activity and significance.
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