Australia’s Presidents? Herbert Hoover and Lyndon B. Johnson Remembered

IF 0.6 3区历史学 Q1 HISTORY

AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES Pub Date : 2023-11-01 DOI:10.1080/1031461x.2023.2262492

Dean J. Kotlowski

{"title":"Australia’s Presidents? Herbert Hoover and Lyndon B. Johnson Remembered","authors":"Dean J. Kotlowski","doi":"10.1080/1031461x.2023.2262492","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"AbstractAmong US presidents, Herbert Hoover and Lyndon Johnson had the strongest ties to Australia. Hoover spent over a year in Australia as a mining engineer before launching a career in international business, food relief, and politics. In 1942, LBJ passed part of his pre-presidential career in Australia. Yet Johnson’s presidential tour in 1966, coupled with his return in 1967, generated massive enthusiasm and modest protests against the Vietnam War. President Johnson’s visits helped to solidify and celebrate US-Australian ties while encouraging Australian independence, even if during a war directed from Washington. While Hoover left his mark on Australia’s landscape in the mines he promoted and the sites that still stand, Australians found little appealing in the dour, Depression-era president who had come and gone without regarding their country as a friend or ally. Johnson thus became a consequential figure in Australia’s national history in ways Hoover never did. The author presented early versions of this article at the European Association for Studies of Australia conference in 2023 and at Bruce Hall, the Australian National University in 2022. For their comments and assistance, he thanks Frank Bongiorno, Will Christie, Damian Cole, Douglas Craig, Dean Fafoutis, Rae Frances, Katherine Jellison, Bruce Scates, Tim Rowse, and the journal’s anonymous referees. The author thanks the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and the Australian National University for supporting this research.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 Sydney Sun, 21 October 1966, 46.2 Adelaide Advertiser, 24 October 1966, 2.3 Australian Financial Review, 24 January 1973, 1; Brisbane Courier-Mail, 24 January 1973, 4.4 David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 26.5 Dean Kotlowski, ‘Farewell to the Chief: Mourning and Memorializing Herbert Hoover’, in Mourning the Presidents: Loss and Legacy in American Culture, eds Lindsay Chervinsky and Matthew Costello (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2023), 183–4.6 Yass Tribune, 18 December 1967, 2.7 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1966, 2.8 Launceston Examiner, 19 October 1966, 22.9 Queanbeyan Age, 21 October 1966, 1.10 Heather Henderson, Letters to My Daughter: Robert Menzies, Letters, 1955–1975 (Sydney: Murdoch Books, 2011), 230.11 Launceston Examiner, 23 December 1967, 1; Melbourne Sun, 23 December 1967, 4.12 Adelaide Advertiser, 24 January 1973, 5.13 Robert Gordon Menzies Oral History, 24 November 1969, 15, Lyndon B. Johnson Library (hereafter LBJL), Austin, Texas.14 Dorothy Auchterlonie, ‘The Second Coming’, Meanjin Quarterly (1967), downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.570026524535009. Western Sydney University (accessed 27 November 2022).15 David McLean, ‘Australia in the Cold War: A Historiographical Review’, International History Review 23, no. 2 (2001): 299–301.16 David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Robin Archer, Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008); Marilyn Lake, Progressive New World: How Settler Colonialism and Transpacific Exchange Shaped American Reform (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019); Ann McGrath, Illicit Love: Interracial Sex and Marriage in the United States and Australia (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015).17 The only study is Dean J. Kotlowski, ‘The Presidents Club Revisited: Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, and the Politics of Legacy and Bipartisanship’, The Historian 82, no. 4 (2020): 463–91.18 Paul Strangio, ‘Instability, 1966–82’, in The Cambridge History of Australia, vol. II, The Commonwealth of Australia, eds Alison Bashford and Stuart Macintyre (Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 135–41.19 Peter Edwards, ‘Australia and the Vietnam War: 50 Years On’, 29 February 2020, The Strategist, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/australia-and-the-vietnam-war-50-years-on/ (accessed 30 June 2023). See also Peter Edwards, Australia and the Vietnam War (Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2014); Gregory Pemberton, All the Way: Australia’s Road to Vietnam (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987).20 Paul Ham, ‘Allies in Name Alone’, Griffith Review 48 (April 2015), https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/allies-name-alone/ (accessed 7 July 2023). See also Paul Ham, Vietnam – The Australian War (Sydney: HarperCollins, 2007).21 Malcolm Fraser with Cain Roberts, Dangerous Allies (Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2016), 111–50, 283.22 Emma Shortis, Our Exceptional Friend: Australia’s Fatal Alliance with the United States (Sydney: Hardie Grant, 2021), 232.23 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.24 Kenneth Whyte, Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times (New York: Knopf, 2017), 54–61; Glen Jeansonne (with David Luhrssen), Hoover: A Life (New York: New American Library, 2016), 53–65.25 George H. Nash, ‘Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874–1964)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hoover-herbert-clark-6729/text11619, published first in hardcopy 1983 (accessed 2 November 2022).26 Jeansonne, 54–5; Richard Norton Smith, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 73–6.27 Jeansonne, 60.28 Ballarat Evening Echo, 11 December 1915, 1.29 Melbourne Herald, 24 November 1917, 11.30 Burnie Advocate (Tasmania), 9 November 1928, 11.31 The Age (Melbourne), 6 March 1929, 10.32 Newcastle Sun, 22 September 1928, 6.33 Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive (New York: HarperCollins, 1975), 246.34 Longreach Leader (Queensland), 20 September 1941, 12.35 Herbert Hoover to John Callan O’Laughlin, 23 February 1942, folder: Hoover, Herbert, Jan.–Feb. 1942, box 46, John Callan O’Laughlin Papers, Library of Congress (hereafter LC), Washington, DC.36 Franklin D. Roosevelt to Wendell L. Willkie, 5 December 1941, folder: Willkie, Wendell 1941, box 11, Irita Van Doren Papers, LC.37 Frank Bongiorno, Dreamers and Schemers: A Political History of Australia (Melbourne: La Trobe University Press, 2022), 186.38 James Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria: Lyndon Johnson in Australia and the Politics of the Cold War Alliance’, Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 1 (2015): 94.39 Gary Dean Best, Herbert Hoover: The Postpresidential Years 1933–1964, Volume Two: 1946–1964 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983), 293.40 Best, 337.41 ‘Our National Policies in This Crisis’, 20 December 1950, in Addresses upon the American Road by Herbert Hoover, 1950–1955 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955), 7.42 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 70.43 Hoff Wilson, 232–68.44 Melbourne Herald, 26 August 1952, 4.45 Adelaide Advertiser, 1 November 1952, 7.46 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 20 October 1964, 4, and 22 October 1964, 4; Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1964, 2.47 West Australian, 21 October 1964, 1, and 22 October 1964, 24; Kalgoorlie Miner, 21 October 1964, 1, and 22 October 1964, 8.48 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1964, 2.49 John Wheeldon, Budget Speech 1976–77, 9 September 1977, 568, 570, Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Parliamentary Debates (Official Hansard), https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansards80/1976-09-09/0072/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf; Bill Hayden, Australian Economy Speech, 19 October 1976, 1955, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1976-10-19/0048/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 21 January 2023).50 The Age, 14 April 1945, 3.51 Adelaide Advertiser, 14 April 1945, 9; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1945, 4 (quotations).52 Goulburn Post (New South Wales), 16 April 1945, 1.53 Sydney Sun, 12 April 1945, 2.54 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 14 April 1945, 1.55 Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1945, 2.56 Brian Lamb, Susan Swain and C-SPAN, The Presidents: Noted Historians Rank America’s Best – and Worst – Chief Executives (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 407–18.57 Author’s photographs, 15–16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; Author’s conversation with Timothy Moore, 16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; Nash.58 Author’s conversation with Greg Sutherland, 16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.59 Author’s photographs, 15–16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.60 Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 235–8.61 Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. II, The Means of Ascent (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 44.62 Troy Bramston, Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics (Melbourne: Scribe, 2019), 212–17.63 Sir John McEwen to Lord Richard Casey, 11 April 1974, folder: Bill of Rights 1974, box 16, Sir John McEwen Papers (MS 4654), National Library of Australia (hereafter NLA), Canberra.64 Bramston, 236.65 Harold Holt Speech on Government Policy, 8 March 1966, Parliamentary Debates, 6, item 1 [Aborigines General 1966], New South Wales Teachers Federation Records [N111], Noel Butlin Archives Centre, the Australian National University, Canberra (ANU).66 McEwen to Casey, 11 April 1974, folder: Bill of Rights 1974, box 16, McEwen Papers, NLA.67 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 82.68 Ibid., 65.69 ‘Results of Survey on Vietnam, Conscription and Voting Age’, 4 November 1966, box 1, Minutes of the Australian National University Students Association (ANUA 331), Australian National University Archives, Canberra.70 Canberra Times, 6 October 1966, 4.71 Canberra Times, 8 October 1966, 2.72 Ross Walker, Harold Holt: Always One Step Further (Melbourne: La Trobe University Press, 2022), 148, 144, 172 (quotation).73 Kalgoorlie Miner, 13 October 1966, 2; Hobart Mercury, 7 October 1966, 4; Melbourne Herald, 7 October 1966, 4; Brisbane Courier-Mail, 10 October 1966, 2.74 Launceston Examiner, 7 October 1966, 4.75 Albury Border Morning Mail, 15 October 1966, 46.76 Ibid., 3; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 October 1966, 1.77 Sydney Sun, 18 October 1966, 4; Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 20 October 1966, 2.78 West Australian, 7 October 1966, 1; Kalgoorlie Miner, 13 October 1966, 2.79 Cooma-Monaro Express, 12 October 1966, 2.80 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 19 October 1966, 2.81 The Australian, 14 October 1966, 8.82 Hobart Mercury, 17 October 1966, 4.83 Launceston Examiner, 19 October 1966, 1.84 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 10 October 1966, 2.85 Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1966, 5.86 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 19 October 1966, 2.87 Ibid., 10 October 1966, 3; The Age, 13 October 1966, 1; Sydney Daily Telegraph, 20 October 1966, 53; Adelaide Advertiser, 8 October 1966, 2; Melbourne Herald, 18 October 1966, 1; Sydney Morning Herald, 20 October 1966, 1.88 Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 20 October 1966, 2.89 Lady Bird Johnson Audio Diary and Annotated Transcript, 20 October 1966, Lady Bird Johnson’s White House Diary Collection, LBJL.90 The Australian, 21 October 1966, 1, and 22 October 1966, 9.91 Lady Bird Johnson Diary, 20 October 1966, LBJL.92 The Age, 22 October 1966, 3.93 Ibid., 5.94 Ibid., 1; Melbourne Sun, 22 October 1966, 1.95 Melbourne Herald, 22 October 1966, 1.96 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 24 October 1966, 2.97 The Age, 22 October 1966, 5.98 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 26 October 1966, 2.99 Auchterlonie.100 The Age, 22 October 1966, 5; Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1966, 4.101 Mitchell Lerner, ‘“A Big Tree of Peace and Justice”: The Vice Presidential Travels of Lyndon Johnson’, Diplomatic History 23, no. 2 (2010): 359.102 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1964, 7; Queanbeyan Age, 21 October 1966, 1; Melbourne Sun, 22 October 1966, 64.103 Sydney Morning Herald, 21 October 1966, 7.104 The Age, 22 October 1966, 7.105 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 22 October 1966, 6; Melbourne Sun, 24 October 1966, 29.106 Lady Bird Johnson Diary, 20 October 1966, LBJL.107 The Australian, 25 October 1966, 8.108 Melbourne Herald, 21 October 1966, 1.109 Sydney Sun, 20 October 1966, 4.110 The Australian, 15 October 1966, 8.111 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1964, 2, and 26 October 1964, 2.112 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 30 January 1973, 2.113 The Australian, 27 October 1966, 8.114 The Australian, 20 October 1966, 8.115 The Australian, 7 October 1966, 8.116 The Australian, 17 October 1966, 10.117 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 91–5.118 The Age, 24 October 1966, 2.119 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 21 October 1966, 2.120 Prime Minister and Mrs. Holt to Lady Violet Braddon, [December 1966], scrapbook 13, Lady Violet Braddon Papers [MS 6943], NLA.121 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 94.122 Kalgoorlie Miner, 26 October 1966, 2.123 The Age, 27 October 1966, 2, and 28 October 1966, 2.124 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 26 October 1966, 2; Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 28 October 1966, 2.125 The Australian, 25 October 1966, 8.126 The Australian, 24 October 1966, 6.127 Australian Financial Review, 21 October 1966, 2.128 Adelaide Advertiser, 19 December 1967, 2.129 Yass Tribune, 18 December 1967, 2.130 Kotlowski, ‘The Presidents Club Revisited’, 481.131 Albury Border Morning Mail, 23 December 1967, 2.132 Adelaide Advertiser, 20 December 1967, 2.133 Hobart Mercury, 22 December 1967, 3.134 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 20 December 1967, 2.135 Hobart Mercury, 23 December 1967, 1.136 Melbourne Herald, 22 December 1967, 4.137 Albury Border Morning Mail, 22 December 1967, 2.138 Sydney Morning Herald, 23 December 1967, 2.139 The Australian, 21 December 1967, 9.140 Kalgoorlie Miner, 25 December 1967, 1.141 The Australian, 27 December 1967, 6.142 Kalgoorlie Miner, 21 December 1967, 2.143 Sydney Sun, 22 December 1967, 1, 3, 5; The Australian, 23 December 1967, 5 (quotation).144 West Australian, 23 December 1967, 8.145 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 18 December 1967, 2.146 Dean J. Kotlowski, ‘“We Shall Overcome”: Lyndon B. Johnson as the Civil Rights President’, in The Presidential Image: A History from Theodore Roosevelt to Donald Trump, eds Iwan Morgan and Mark White (London: I.B. Tauris, 2020), 125.147 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.148 Sydney Morning Herald, 24 January 1973, 6.149 The Australian, 25 January 1973, 9.150 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.151 Ian Hancock, John Gorton: He Did It His Way (Sydney: Hodder, 2002), 225.152 ‘Toasts of the President and Prime Minister John G. Gorton of Australia’, 6 May 1969, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-john-g-gorton-australia (accessed 11 March 2023).153 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.154 Coromandel Times (South Australia), 25 January 1973, 1.155 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.156 Australian Financial Review, 24 January 1973, 2.157 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 24 January 1973, 2.158 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.159 Launceston Examiner, 24 January 1973, 6.160 See, for example, Adelaide Advertiser, 27 December 1972, 4.161 Canberra Times, 24 January 1973, 4.162 James Curran, Unholy Fury: Whitlam and Nixon at War (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2015), 303.163 Hobart Mercury, 1 January 1973, 2.164 Gough Whitlam, Deaths of Former Presidents Truman and Johnson and Mr Lester Pearson, 27 February 1973, 24, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1973-02-27/0033/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).165 Peter Morris, Trade Practices Amendment Bill 1977 Second Reading Speech, 23 February 1977, 397, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1977-02-23/0089/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).166 Christopher Pyne, Motions: Address by the President of the United States of America Speech, 3 November 2011, 12678, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/a6b442d6-b362-4a91-a23b-e91e67a55e5c/0004/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).167 Canberra Times, 29 September 1991, 6.168 Canberra Times, 21 May 1970, 17.","PeriodicalId":45582,"journal":{"name":"AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","volume":"27 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.6000,"publicationDate":"2023-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1080/1031461x.2023.2262492","RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"历史学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"HISTORY","Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Abstract

AbstractAmong US presidents, Herbert Hoover and Lyndon Johnson had the strongest ties to Australia. Hoover spent over a year in Australia as a mining engineer before launching a career in international business, food relief, and politics. In 1942, LBJ passed part of his pre-presidential career in Australia. Yet Johnson’s presidential tour in 1966, coupled with his return in 1967, generated massive enthusiasm and modest protests against the Vietnam War. President Johnson’s visits helped to solidify and celebrate US-Australian ties while encouraging Australian independence, even if during a war directed from Washington. While Hoover left his mark on Australia’s landscape in the mines he promoted and the sites that still stand, Australians found little appealing in the dour, Depression-era president who had come and gone without regarding their country as a friend or ally. Johnson thus became a consequential figure in Australia’s national history in ways Hoover never did. The author presented early versions of this article at the European Association for Studies of Australia conference in 2023 and at Bruce Hall, the Australian National University in 2022. For their comments and assistance, he thanks Frank Bongiorno, Will Christie, Damian Cole, Douglas Craig, Dean Fafoutis, Rae Frances, Katherine Jellison, Bruce Scates, Tim Rowse, and the journal’s anonymous referees. The author thanks the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board and the Australian National University for supporting this research.No potential conflict of interest was reported by the author.Notes1 Sydney Sun, 21 October 1966, 46.2 Adelaide Advertiser, 24 October 1966, 2.3 Australian Financial Review, 24 January 1973, 1; Brisbane Courier-Mail, 24 January 1973, 4.4 David Burner, Herbert Hoover: A Public Life (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978), 26.5 Dean Kotlowski, ‘Farewell to the Chief: Mourning and Memorializing Herbert Hoover’, in Mourning the Presidents: Loss and Legacy in American Culture, eds Lindsay Chervinsky and Matthew Costello (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2023), 183–4.6 Yass Tribune, 18 December 1967, 2.7 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1966, 2.8 Launceston Examiner, 19 October 1966, 22.9 Queanbeyan Age, 21 October 1966, 1.10 Heather Henderson, Letters to My Daughter: Robert Menzies, Letters, 1955–1975 (Sydney: Murdoch Books, 2011), 230.11 Launceston Examiner, 23 December 1967, 1; Melbourne Sun, 23 December 1967, 4.12 Adelaide Advertiser, 24 January 1973, 5.13 Robert Gordon Menzies Oral History, 24 November 1969, 15, Lyndon B. Johnson Library (hereafter LBJL), Austin, Texas.14 Dorothy Auchterlonie, ‘The Second Coming’, Meanjin Quarterly (1967), downloaded from search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.570026524535009. Western Sydney University (accessed 27 November 2022).15 David McLean, ‘Australia in the Cold War: A Historiographical Review’, International History Review 23, no. 2 (2001): 299–301.16 David Goodman, Gold Seeking: Victoria and California in the 1850s (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1994); Robin Archer, Why Is There No Labor Party in the United States? (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2008); Marilyn Lake, Progressive New World: How Settler Colonialism and Transpacific Exchange Shaped American Reform (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019); Ann McGrath, Illicit Love: Interracial Sex and Marriage in the United States and Australia (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2015).17 The only study is Dean J. Kotlowski, ‘The Presidents Club Revisited: Herbert Hoover, Lyndon Johnson, and the Politics of Legacy and Bipartisanship’, The Historian 82, no. 4 (2020): 463–91.18 Paul Strangio, ‘Instability, 1966–82’, in The Cambridge History of Australia, vol. II, The Commonwealth of Australia, eds Alison Bashford and Stuart Macintyre (Sydney: Cambridge University Press, 2013), 135–41.19 Peter Edwards, ‘Australia and the Vietnam War: 50 Years On’, 29 February 2020, The Strategist, https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/australia-and-the-vietnam-war-50-years-on/ (accessed 30 June 2023). See also Peter Edwards, Australia and the Vietnam War (Sydney: NewSouth Books, 2014); Gregory Pemberton, All the Way: Australia’s Road to Vietnam (Sydney: Allen and Unwin, 1987).20 Paul Ham, ‘Allies in Name Alone’, Griffith Review 48 (April 2015), https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/allies-name-alone/ (accessed 7 July 2023). See also Paul Ham, Vietnam – The Australian War (Sydney: HarperCollins, 2007).21 Malcolm Fraser with Cain Roberts, Dangerous Allies (Melbourne: Melbourne University Publishing, 2016), 111–50, 283.22 Emma Shortis, Our Exceptional Friend: Australia’s Fatal Alliance with the United States (Sydney: Hardie Grant, 2021), 232.23 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.24 Kenneth Whyte, Hoover: An Extraordinary Life in Extraordinary Times (New York: Knopf, 2017), 54–61; Glen Jeansonne (with David Luhrssen), Hoover: A Life (New York: New American Library, 2016), 53–65.25 George H. Nash, ‘Hoover, Herbert Clark (1874–1964)’, Australian Dictionary of Biography, National Centre of Biography, Australian National University, https://adb.anu.edu.au/biography/hoover-herbert-clark-6729/text11619, published first in hardcopy 1983 (accessed 2 November 2022).26 Jeansonne, 54–5; Richard Norton Smith, An Uncommon Man: The Triumph of Herbert Hoover (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1984), 73–6.27 Jeansonne, 60.28 Ballarat Evening Echo, 11 December 1915, 1.29 Melbourne Herald, 24 November 1917, 11.30 Burnie Advocate (Tasmania), 9 November 1928, 11.31 The Age (Melbourne), 6 March 1929, 10.32 Newcastle Sun, 22 September 1928, 6.33 Joan Hoff Wilson, Herbert Hoover: Forgotten Progressive (New York: HarperCollins, 1975), 246.34 Longreach Leader (Queensland), 20 September 1941, 12.35 Herbert Hoover to John Callan O’Laughlin, 23 February 1942, folder: Hoover, Herbert, Jan.–Feb. 1942, box 46, John Callan O’Laughlin Papers, Library of Congress (hereafter LC), Washington, DC.36 Franklin D. Roosevelt to Wendell L. Willkie, 5 December 1941, folder: Willkie, Wendell 1941, box 11, Irita Van Doren Papers, LC.37 Frank Bongiorno, Dreamers and Schemers: A Political History of Australia (Melbourne: La Trobe University Press, 2022), 186.38 James Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria: Lyndon Johnson in Australia and the Politics of the Cold War Alliance’, Journal of Cold War Studies 17, no. 1 (2015): 94.39 Gary Dean Best, Herbert Hoover: The Postpresidential Years 1933–1964, Volume Two: 1946–1964 (Stanford: Hoover Institution Press, 1983), 293.40 Best, 337.41 ‘Our National Policies in This Crisis’, 20 December 1950, in Addresses upon the American Road by Herbert Hoover, 1950–1955 (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1955), 7.42 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 70.43 Hoff Wilson, 232–68.44 Melbourne Herald, 26 August 1952, 4.45 Adelaide Advertiser, 1 November 1952, 7.46 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 20 October 1964, 4, and 22 October 1964, 4; Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1964, 2.47 West Australian, 21 October 1964, 1, and 22 October 1964, 24; Kalgoorlie Miner, 21 October 1964, 1, and 22 October 1964, 8.48 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1964, 2.49 John Wheeldon, Budget Speech 1976–77, 9 September 1977, 568, 570, Commonwealth of Australia, Senate, Parliamentary Debates (Official Hansard), https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansards80/1976-09-09/0072/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf; Bill Hayden, Australian Economy Speech, 19 October 1976, 1955, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1976-10-19/0048/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 21 January 2023).50 The Age, 14 April 1945, 3.51 Adelaide Advertiser, 14 April 1945, 9; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1945, 4 (quotations).52 Goulburn Post (New South Wales), 16 April 1945, 1.53 Sydney Sun, 12 April 1945, 2.54 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 14 April 1945, 1.55 Sydney Morning Herald, 14 April 1945, 2.56 Brian Lamb, Susan Swain and C-SPAN, The Presidents: Noted Historians Rank America’s Best – and Worst – Chief Executives (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 407–18.57 Author’s photographs, 15–16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; Author’s conversation with Timothy Moore, 16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia; Nash.58 Author’s conversation with Greg Sutherland, 16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.59 Author’s photographs, 15–16 November 2022, Kalgoorlie, Western Australia.60 Robert Dallek, Lone Star Rising: Lyndon Johnson and His Times, 1908–1960 (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991), 235–8.61 Robert A. Caro, The Years of Lyndon Johnson, vol. II, The Means of Ascent (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1990), 44.62 Troy Bramston, Robert Menzies: The Art of Politics (Melbourne: Scribe, 2019), 212–17.63 Sir John McEwen to Lord Richard Casey, 11 April 1974, folder: Bill of Rights 1974, box 16, Sir John McEwen Papers (MS 4654), National Library of Australia (hereafter NLA), Canberra.64 Bramston, 236.65 Harold Holt Speech on Government Policy, 8 March 1966, Parliamentary Debates, 6, item 1 [Aborigines General 1966], New South Wales Teachers Federation Records [N111], Noel Butlin Archives Centre, the Australian National University, Canberra (ANU).66 McEwen to Casey, 11 April 1974, folder: Bill of Rights 1974, box 16, McEwen Papers, NLA.67 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 82.68 Ibid., 65.69 ‘Results of Survey on Vietnam, Conscription and Voting Age’, 4 November 1966, box 1, Minutes of the Australian National University Students Association (ANUA 331), Australian National University Archives, Canberra.70 Canberra Times, 6 October 1966, 4.71 Canberra Times, 8 October 1966, 2.72 Ross Walker, Harold Holt: Always One Step Further (Melbourne: La Trobe University Press, 2022), 148, 144, 172 (quotation).73 Kalgoorlie Miner, 13 October 1966, 2; Hobart Mercury, 7 October 1966, 4; Melbourne Herald, 7 October 1966, 4; Brisbane Courier-Mail, 10 October 1966, 2.74 Launceston Examiner, 7 October 1966, 4.75 Albury Border Morning Mail, 15 October 1966, 46.76 Ibid., 3; Sydney Morning Herald, 14 October 1966, 1.77 Sydney Sun, 18 October 1966, 4; Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 20 October 1966, 2.78 West Australian, 7 October 1966, 1; Kalgoorlie Miner, 13 October 1966, 2.79 Cooma-Monaro Express, 12 October 1966, 2.80 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 19 October 1966, 2.81 The Australian, 14 October 1966, 8.82 Hobart Mercury, 17 October 1966, 4.83 Launceston Examiner, 19 October 1966, 1.84 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 10 October 1966, 2.85 Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1966, 5.86 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 19 October 1966, 2.87 Ibid., 10 October 1966, 3; The Age, 13 October 1966, 1; Sydney Daily Telegraph, 20 October 1966, 53; Adelaide Advertiser, 8 October 1966, 2; Melbourne Herald, 18 October 1966, 1; Sydney Morning Herald, 20 October 1966, 1.88 Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 20 October 1966, 2.89 Lady Bird Johnson Audio Diary and Annotated Transcript, 20 October 1966, Lady Bird Johnson’s White House Diary Collection, LBJL.90 The Australian, 21 October 1966, 1, and 22 October 1966, 9.91 Lady Bird Johnson Diary, 20 October 1966, LBJL.92 The Age, 22 October 1966, 3.93 Ibid., 5.94 Ibid., 1; Melbourne Sun, 22 October 1966, 1.95 Melbourne Herald, 22 October 1966, 1.96 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 24 October 1966, 2.97 The Age, 22 October 1966, 5.98 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 26 October 1966, 2.99 Auchterlonie.100 The Age, 22 October 1966, 5; Hobart Mercury, 21 October 1966, 4.101 Mitchell Lerner, ‘“A Big Tree of Peace and Justice”: The Vice Presidential Travels of Lyndon Johnson’, Diplomatic History 23, no. 2 (2010): 359.102 Sydney Morning Herald, 22 October 1964, 7; Queanbeyan Age, 21 October 1966, 1; Melbourne Sun, 22 October 1966, 64.103 Sydney Morning Herald, 21 October 1966, 7.104 The Age, 22 October 1966, 7.105 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 22 October 1966, 6; Melbourne Sun, 24 October 1966, 29.106 Lady Bird Johnson Diary, 20 October 1966, LBJL.107 The Australian, 25 October 1966, 8.108 Melbourne Herald, 21 October 1966, 1.109 Sydney Sun, 20 October 1966, 4.110 The Australian, 15 October 1966, 8.111 Sydney Daily Telegraph, 21 October 1964, 2, and 26 October 1964, 2.112 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 30 January 1973, 2.113 The Australian, 27 October 1966, 8.114 The Australian, 20 October 1966, 8.115 The Australian, 7 October 1966, 8.116 The Australian, 17 October 1966, 10.117 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 91–5.118 The Age, 24 October 1966, 2.119 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 21 October 1966, 2.120 Prime Minister and Mrs. Holt to Lady Violet Braddon, [December 1966], scrapbook 13, Lady Violet Braddon Papers [MS 6943], NLA.121 Curran, ‘Beyond the Euphoria’, 94.122 Kalgoorlie Miner, 26 October 1966, 2.123 The Age, 27 October 1966, 2, and 28 October 1966, 2.124 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 26 October 1966, 2; Wagga Wagga Daily Advertiser, 28 October 1966, 2.125 The Australian, 25 October 1966, 8.126 The Australian, 24 October 1966, 6.127 Australian Financial Review, 21 October 1966, 2.128 Adelaide Advertiser, 19 December 1967, 2.129 Yass Tribune, 18 December 1967, 2.130 Kotlowski, ‘The Presidents Club Revisited’, 481.131 Albury Border Morning Mail, 23 December 1967, 2.132 Adelaide Advertiser, 20 December 1967, 2.133 Hobart Mercury, 22 December 1967, 3.134 Brisbane Courier-Mail, 20 December 1967, 2.135 Hobart Mercury, 23 December 1967, 1.136 Melbourne Herald, 22 December 1967, 4.137 Albury Border Morning Mail, 22 December 1967, 2.138 Sydney Morning Herald, 23 December 1967, 2.139 The Australian, 21 December 1967, 9.140 Kalgoorlie Miner, 25 December 1967, 1.141 The Australian, 27 December 1967, 6.142 Kalgoorlie Miner, 21 December 1967, 2.143 Sydney Sun, 22 December 1967, 1, 3, 5; The Australian, 23 December 1967, 5 (quotation).144 West Australian, 23 December 1967, 8.145 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 18 December 1967, 2.146 Dean J. Kotlowski, ‘“We Shall Overcome”: Lyndon B. Johnson as the Civil Rights President’, in The Presidential Image: A History from Theodore Roosevelt to Donald Trump, eds Iwan Morgan and Mark White (London: I.B. Tauris, 2020), 125.147 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.148 Sydney Morning Herald, 24 January 1973, 6.149 The Australian, 25 January 1973, 9.150 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.151 Ian Hancock, John Gorton: He Did It His Way (Sydney: Hodder, 2002), 225.152 ‘Toasts of the President and Prime Minister John G. Gorton of Australia’, 6 May 1969, Gerhard Peters and John T. Woolley, The American Presidency Project, https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-john-g-gorton-australia (accessed 11 March 2023).153 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.154 Coromandel Times (South Australia), 25 January 1973, 1.155 The Age, 24 January 1973, 9.156 Australian Financial Review, 24 January 1973, 2.157 Townsville Daily Bulletin, 24 January 1973, 2.158 Melbourne Sun, 24 January 1973, 8.159 Launceston Examiner, 24 January 1973, 6.160 See, for example, Adelaide Advertiser, 27 December 1972, 4.161 Canberra Times, 24 January 1973, 4.162 James Curran, Unholy Fury: Whitlam and Nixon at War (Melbourne: Melbourne University Press, 2015), 303.163 Hobart Mercury, 1 January 1973, 2.164 Gough Whitlam, Deaths of Former Presidents Truman and Johnson and Mr Lester Pearson, 27 February 1973, 24, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1973-02-27/0033/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).165 Peter Morris, Trade Practices Amendment Bill 1977 Second Reading Speech, 23 February 1977, 397, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/hansard80/hansardr80/1977-02-23/0089/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).166 Christopher Pyne, Motions: Address by the President of the United States of America Speech, 3 November 2011, 12678, Commonwealth of Australia, House of Representatives, Parliamentary Debates, https://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/genpdf/chamber/hansardr/a6b442d6-b362-4a91-a23b-e91e67a55e5c/0004/hansard_frag.pdf;fileType=application%2Fpdf (accessed 18 March 2023).167 Canberra Times, 29 September 1991, 6.168 Canberra Times, 21 May 1970, 17.

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澳大利亚的总统吗?我记得赫伯特·胡佛和林登·约翰逊

在美国总统中，赫伯特·胡佛和林登·约翰逊与澳大利亚的关系最为密切。胡佛在澳大利亚当了一年多的采矿工程师，之后开始了在国际商业、食品救济和政治领域的职业生涯。1942年，林登·约翰逊在澳大利亚度过了他总统生涯的一部分。然而，约翰逊1966年的总统之旅，以及1967年的回国，激起了巨大的热情和反对越南战争的温和抗议。约翰逊总统的访问有助于巩固和庆祝美澳关系，同时鼓励澳大利亚独立，即使是在华盛顿指挥的战争期间。虽然胡佛在澳大利亚的景观上留下了他的印记，比如他推广的矿山和仍然存在的遗址，但澳大利亚人觉得这位阴郁的大萧条时期的总统没有什么吸引力，他来了又走，没有把他们的国家视为朋友或盟友。因此，约翰逊成为了澳大利亚国家历史上举足轻重的人物，而胡佛从未做到这一点。作者在2023年的欧洲澳大利亚研究协会会议和2022年的澳大利亚国立大学布鲁斯霍尔会议上展示了本文的早期版本。对于他们的评论和帮助，他感谢Frank Bongiorno, Will Christie, Damian Cole, Douglas Craig, Dean Fafoutis, Rae Frances, Katherine Jellison, Bruce Scates, Tim Rowse和期刊的匿名审稿人。作者感谢J. William Fulbright外国奖学金委员会和澳大利亚国立大学对本研究的支持。作者没有报告潜在的利益冲突。注1《悉尼太阳报》，1966年10月21日;46.2《阿德莱德广告人》，1966年10月24日;2.3《澳大利亚金融评论》，1973年1月24日，1;布布班信使邮报，1973年1月24日，4.4 David Burner，赫伯特·胡佛:公共生活(纽约:Alfred A. Knopf, 1978)， 26.5 Dean Kotlowski，“告别酋长:悼念和纪念赫伯特·胡佛”，《悼念总统:美国文化中的损失和遗产》，Lindsay Chervinsky和Matthew Costello编(夏洛特维尔:《亚斯论坛报》，1967年12月18日，《悉尼先驱晨报》，1966年10月22日，2.8《朗塞斯顿考官》，1966年10月19日，22.9《Queanbeyan Age》，1966年10月21日，1.10希瑟·亨德森，《给我女儿的信:罗伯特·孟席斯》，1955-1975年，《信件》(悉尼:默多克出版社，2011年)，230.11《朗塞斯顿考官》，1967年12月23日，第1期;1967年12月23日，《墨尔本太阳报》;1973年1月24日，《阿德莱德广告人》;1969年11月24日，《罗伯特·戈登·门齐斯口述历史》;15，德克萨斯州奥斯汀林登·b·约翰逊图书馆(以下简称LBJL); 14多萝西·奥克特洛尼，《耶稣再临》，Meanjin季刊(1967)，从search.informit.org/doi/10.3316/informit.570026524535009下载。西悉尼大学(就读于2022年11月27日)大卫·麦克莱恩，《冷战中的澳大利亚:史学评论》，《国际历史评论》第23期，第2期。大卫·古德曼:《淘金:19世纪50年代的维多利亚和加利福尼亚》(斯坦福:斯坦福大学出版社，1994年);罗宾·阿彻:《为什么美国没有工党?》(普林斯顿:普林斯顿大学出版社，2008);玛丽莲·莱克，进步的新世界:定居者殖民主义和跨太平洋交流如何塑造美国改革(剑桥，马萨诸塞州:哈佛大学出版社，2019);《非法之爱:美国和澳大利亚的跨种族性与婚姻》(林肯:内布拉斯加大学出版社，2015)，第17页唯一的研究是Dean J. Kotlowski，“总统俱乐部重访:赫伯特·胡佛、林登·约翰逊、政治遗产和两党合作”，《历史学家》82，第2期。4(2020): 463-91.18保罗·斯特兰奇奥，“不稳定，1966-82”，在澳大利亚的剑桥历史，卷二，澳大利亚联邦，编辑艾莉森·巴什福德和斯图尔特·麦金泰尔(悉尼:剑桥大学出版社，2013)，135-41.19彼得·爱德华兹，“澳大利亚和越南战争:50年”，2020年2月29日，战略家，https://www.aspistrategist.org.au/australia-and-the-vietnam-war-50-years-on/(访问2023年6月30日)。另见彼得·爱德华兹:《澳大利亚与越南战争》(悉尼:NewSouth Books, 2014);格雷戈里·彭伯顿，《一路:澳大利亚通往越南之路》(悉尼:Allen and Unwin出版社，1987)，第20页Paul Ham，“名义上的盟友”，Griffith Review 48(2015年4月)，https://www.griffithreview.com/articles/allies-name-alone/(2023年7月7日访问)。参见Paul Ham，越南——澳大利亚战争(悉尼:HarperCollins, 2007)马尔科姆·弗雷泽与凯恩·罗伯茨合著，《危险的盟友》(墨尔本:墨尔本大学出版社，2016年)，111 - 50,283.22艾玛·肖蒂斯，《我们非凡的朋友:澳大利亚与美国的致命联盟》(悉尼:哈迪·格兰特出版社，2021年)，232.23《墨尔本太阳报》，1973年1月24日，8.24肯尼斯·怀特，《胡佛:非凡时代的非凡人生》(纽约:克诺夫出版社，2017年)，54-61;格伦·简松(与大卫·鲁尔森合著)，《胡佛:一生》(纽约:新美国图书馆，2016)，53-65.25页。 Kalgoorlie Miner, 1966年10月13日，2;霍巴特水星，1966年10月7日，4;《墨尔本先驱报》1966年10月7日第4期;布里斯班信使，1966年10月10日，2.74朗塞斯顿审查员，1966年10月7日，4.75奥尔伯里边境晨报，1966年10月15日，46.76同上，3;《悉尼先驱晨报》1966年10月14日，1.77《悉尼太阳报》1966年10月18日，第4期;《沃加·沃加日报》，1966年10月20日;《西澳大利亚》，1966年10月7日，第1期;卡尔古利矿工，1966年10月13日，2.79库马-莫纳罗快递，1966年10月12日，2.80悉尼每日电讯报，1966年10月19日，2.81澳大利亚人，1966年10月14日，8.82霍巴特信使，1966年10月17日，4.83朗赛斯顿观察家，1966年10月19日，1.84汤斯维尔每日公报，1966年10月10日，2.85霍巴特信使，1966年10月21日，5.86布里斯班信使，1966年10月19日，2.87同上，1966年10月10日，3;《时代》，1966年10月13日，1;《悉尼每日电讯报》1966年10月20日第53期;《阿德莱德广告人》1966年10月8日第2期;墨尔本先驱报，1966年10月18日，1;《悉尼先驱晨报》，1966年10月20日，1.88《沃加·沃加每日广告人》，1966年10月20日，2.89《伯德·约翰逊夫人的录音日记和注释记录》，1966年10月20日，《伯德·约翰逊夫人的白宫日记集》，LBJL.90《澳大利亚人报》，1966年10月21日，1和1966年10月22日，9.91《伯德·约翰逊夫人日记》，1966年10月20日，LBJL.92《时代》，1966年10月22日，3.93同上，5.94同上，1;1966年10月22日《墨尔本太阳报》，1995年10月22日《墨尔本先驱报》，1966年10月22日《汤斯维尔每日公报》，1966年10月24日，1997年《时代报》，1966年10月22日，1998年《布里斯班信使邮报》，1966年10月26日，1999年《时代报》，1966年10月22日，第5期;“和平与正义的大树”:林登·约翰逊副总统的旅行”，《外交历史》第23期，第101期。2(2010): 359.102悉尼先驱晨报，1964年10月22日，第7期;Queanbeyan Age, 1966年10月21日，1;墨尔本太阳报，1966年10月22日，64.103悉尼先驱晨报，1966年10月21日，7.104时代报，1966年10月22日，7.105悉尼每日电讯报，1966年10月22日，6;《墨尔本太阳报》，1966年10月24日，1966年10月20日，约翰逊夫人日记，1966年10月20日，LBJL.107《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月25日，8.108《墨尔本先驱报》，1966年10月21日，1.109《悉尼太阳报》，1966年10月20日，4.110《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月15日，8.111《悉尼每日电讯报》，1964年10月21日，1964年10月2日和26日，2.112《汤斯维尔每日公报》，1973年1月30日，2.113《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月27日，8.114《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月20日，8.115《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月7日，8.116《澳大利亚人》，1966年10月17日，1966年10月17日，10.117柯伦，“超越兴奋”，91-5.118《时代》，1966年10月24日，2.119《布里斯班信使邮报》，1966年10月21日，2.120总理和霍尔特夫人致维奥莱特·布雷登夫人，[1966年12月]，剪贴簿13，维奥莱特·布雷登夫人的文件[MS 6943]， nla121柯伦，“超越兴奋”，94.122《卡尔古利矿工》，1966年10月26日，2.123《时代》，1966年10月27日，2，和1966年10月28日，2.124《汤斯维尔每日公报》，1966年10月26日，2;《沃加·沃加日报》，1966年10月28日，2.125《澳大利亚人报》，1966年10月25日，8.126《澳大利亚人报》，1966年10月24日，6.127《澳大利亚金融评论》，1966年10月21日，2.128《阿德莱德广告人报》，1967年12月19日，2.129《亚斯论坛报》，1967年12月18日，2.130 Kotlowski，“总统俱乐部重访”，481.131《阿尔伯里边境晨报》，1967年12月23日，2.132《阿德莱德广告人报》，1967年12月20日，2.133《霍巴特信使报》，1967年12月22日，3.134《布里斯班信使报》，1967年12月20日，2.135《霍巴特信使》，1967年12月23日，1.136《墨尔本先驱报》，1967年12月22日，4.137《阿尔伯里边境晨报》，1967年12月22日，2.138《悉尼先驱晨报》，1967年12月23日，2.139《澳大利亚人报》，1967年12月21日，9.140《卡尔古利矿工》，1967年12月25日，1.141《澳大利亚人报》，1967年12月27日，6.142《卡尔古利矿工》，1967年12月21日，2.143《悉尼太阳报》，1967年12月22日，1,3,5;《澳大利亚人报》，1967年12月23日，第5页(引语)西澳大利亚，1967年12月23日，8.145汤斯维尔每日公报，1967年12月18日，2.146迪恩·j·科特洛夫斯基，““我们将战胜”:林登·b·约翰逊作为民权总统”，载于《总统形象:从西奥多·罗斯福到唐纳德·特朗普的历史》，伊万·摩根和马克·怀特主编，伦敦:I.B.金牛座，2020)，125.147《时代报》，1973年1月24日，9.148《悉尼先驱晨报》，1973年1月24日，6.149《澳大利亚人报》，1973年1月25日，9.150《墨尔本太阳报》，1973年1月24日，8.151《伊恩·汉考克，约翰·戈登:他我行我素》(悉尼:Hodder, 2002)， 225.152“澳大利亚总统和总理约翰·戈顿的祝酒词”，1969年5月6日，格哈德·彼得斯和约翰·t·伍利，美国总统项目，https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/toasts-the-president-and-prime-minister-john-g-gorton-australia(访问日期为2023年3月11日)。153《时代报》1973年1月24日，9.154《科罗曼德尔时报》(南澳大利亚)1973年1月25日，1.155《时代报》1973年1月24日，9.156《澳大利亚金融评论》1973年1月24日，第2期。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

AUSTRALIAN HISTORICAL STUDIES HISTORY-

CiteScore

0.70

自引率

16.70%

发文量

期刊介绍： Australian Historical Studies is a refereed journal dealing with Australian, New Zealand and Pacific regional issues. The journal is concerned with aspects of the Australian past in all its forms: heritage and conservation, archaeology, visual display in museums and galleries, oral history, family history, and histories of place. It is published in March, June and September each year.