Samar A. Antar, Aymen Halouani, Cherry Gad, Ahmed Ali Al-Karmalawy
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引用次数: 0
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal that is known to accumulate in various organs and tissues in the body, including the testes. Exposure to Cd has been shown to cause significant testicular damage, including impaired spermatogenesis and decreased fertility in both humans and animals. This damage is thought to be due to Cd-induced oxidative stress and inflammation, which can lead to cellular damage and apoptosis. Cd has also been shown to disrupt the blood-testis barrier, leading to increased permeability and an altered testicular microenvironment. In addition, Cd exposure has been linked to changes in hormone levels, including decreased testosterone production and altered gonadotropin secretion. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an imbalance in the activity of antioxidant enzymes cause oxidative stress. The nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) signaling system, which controls multiple genes involved in inflammatory responses including tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), is activated by oxidative stress. These effects can contribute to decreased sperm count, motility, and viability. Efforts to reduce exposure to Cd may help to prevent or mitigate the harmful effects on testicular function. This can be achieved through occupational and environmental regulations, as well as public education and awareness programs. In this review, we highlight many of the principal mechanisms included in testicular damage. These pathways could be considered promising targets for the development of potential therapies for a variety of important human diseases.
镉(Cd)是一种有毒的重金属,已知会积聚在身体的各个器官和组织中,包括睾丸。暴露于Cd已被证明会对人类和动物的睾丸造成严重损害,包括精子发生受损和生育能力下降。这种损伤被认为是由于cd诱导的氧化应激和炎症,这可能导致细胞损伤和凋亡。Cd也被证明会破坏血睾丸屏障,导致渗透性增加和睾丸微环境改变。此外,接触Cd还与激素水平的变化有关,包括睾酮分泌减少和促性腺激素分泌改变。活性氧(ROS)和抗氧化酶活性失衡导致氧化应激。核因子κ b (NF-κB)信号系统控制包括肿瘤坏死因子(TNF-α)在内的多个参与炎症反应的基因,可被氧化应激激活。这些影响会导致精子数量、活力和生存能力下降。努力减少接触镉可能有助于预防或减轻对睾丸功能的有害影响。这可以通过职业和环境法规,以及公众教育和意识项目来实现。在这篇综述中,我们强调了睾丸损伤的许多主要机制。这些途径可以被认为是开发各种重要人类疾病的潜在疗法的有希望的靶点。
期刊介绍:
Pharmaceutical Sciences provides a forum for the publication of original research articles, reviews, short communications, and editorials (by invitation only) in all areas of pharmaceutical sciences, including these topics: Clinical Pharmacy Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry Pharmaceutical Analysis Pharmaceutics Pharmacognosy Pharmacology and Toxicology Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Pharmacoeconomy Radiopharmacy Water, Food, Drug and Cosmetic Control.