Microplastics in the cryosphere - a potential time bomb?

Christine C. Gaylarde, José Antônio Baptista Neto, Estefan M. da Fonseca
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Abstract

Microplastics (MPs) have been detected in many parts of the world in snow, hail, sea ice, glaciers, and permafrost. The ubiquity of microplastic around the globe means that there is a need to focus on its circulation dynamics in the Earth's diverse ecosystems; the prominence of MP fibers, which has been indicated as of human clothing and activities, in high altitude frozen water is explained by their enhanced suspension in the air, allowing them to be transported over long distances from urban centers. The MP particles can act as nucleation centers for ice crystals and, once incorporated, reduce the albedo (reflective capacity) of the frozen mass, causing temperature increases. However, cores have indicated that ice in glaciers may remain frozen for thousands of years. This article reviews the quantities and types of MPs that have been detected in snow, hail, sea ice, and glaciers. The potential for release of these, as well as MPs in the permafrost, following global warming, is discussed. As the global warming process evolves, these sites will act as additional sources of MPs accumulated over the course of recent human history. It is important to be aware of the future entry of microplastic into the global environment from these sources, especially into the already fragile extreme ecosystems of the cryosphere.
冰冻圈中的微塑料——潜在的定时炸弹?
在世界许多地方的雪、冰雹、海冰、冰川和永久冻土中都检测到微塑料(MPs)。微塑料在全球无处不在,这意味着有必要关注其在地球不同生态系统中的循环动态;MP纤维在高海拔冰冻水中的突出表现,已经表明是人类的衣服和活动,这是由于它们在空气中的悬浮增强,使它们能够从城市中心长途运输。MP粒子可以作为冰晶的成核中心,一旦加入,就会降低冰冻物体的反照率(反射能力),导致温度升高。然而,冰芯表明,冰川中的冰可能会冻结数千年。本文综述了在雪、冰雹、海冰和冰川中检测到的MPs的数量和类型。讨论了在全球变暖之后,这些物质以及永冻层中MPs释放的可能性。随着全球变暖进程的发展,这些地点将成为最近人类历史中积累的MPs的额外来源。重要的是要意识到微塑料将来会从这些来源进入全球环境,特别是进入已经脆弱的冰冻圈极端生态系统。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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