Allergic rhinitis

Abstract

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a major public health issue worldwide and one of the top-10 reasons for primary care attendance. AR affects between 10 and 25% of people worldwide, including 10–15% of children and 26% of adults in the United Kingdom. Sneezing, nasal itching, rhinorrhoea, nasal congestion, ocular symptoms (irritation and lacrimation), non-productive cough, Eustachian tube dysfunction and chronic sinusitis are all symptoms of AR. AR can be characterised as seasonal (hay fever), perennial, intermittent, persistent, or occupational, depending on the allergens and the pattern and frequency of symptoms. Asthma and conjunctivitis are significantly associated with AR. A clinical history and physical examination are the most important processes in diagnosis. Skin tests can be used to confirm the diagnosis of AR. Patients with AR may experience changes in their everyday activities, emotions, and sleep habits, to the detriment of quality of life. Early detection and treatment can ameliorate the unpleasant effects of AR. Management includes medication, avoidance of exposure to environmental allergens and when appropriate, measures to help with associated asthma and sinusitis. Psychological interventions can also help in the management of AR.