Synthesis of graphene by electrochemical exfoliation from petroleum coke for electrochemical energy storage application

Abstract

The objective of the present work was to synthesize a graphene-like structure from petroleum coke (pet coke). Graphene is a potential alternative conducting material to replace traditional electrode materials such as indium tin oxide. The phosphoric acid was used to activate the pet coke in conditions where the coke to acid ratio is varied as 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 1:4 and 1:5. The samples were kept at different temperatures in the furnace maintained in inert atmospheric conditions at 400, 500 and 600 °C for activation time intervals of 1, 2 and 3 h. The extent of activation of pet coke samples was characterized by their yield and iodine number. For the optimized conditions (600 °C, 3 h, 1:4 coke to acid ratio), the activated pet coke was moulded and taken as the anode for electrochemical exfoliation using platinum wire as cathode, and 0.3 M H2SO4 solution as electrolyte. The electrochemical exfoliation was carried out using DC power supply at 22 V for 8 h, and the obtained exfoliated product was analysed by surface-sensitive techniques (XRD, Raman and SEM). The specific capacitance values were measured using cyclic vol­tammetry in KOH, Na2SO4 and H2SO4 electrolytes. The highest specific capacitance value of 40 F g-1 for the scanning rate of 25 mV s-1 was obtained in 1 M H2SO4. It was confirmed that graphene-like structure produced from activated pet coke can be used as an alternate material for supercapacitor applications.