Long COVID: The Silent Pandemic

Abstract

Long COVID, a chronic condition affecting individuals who have recovered from the acute phase of COVID-19, has become a significant global challenge. This review article provides an overview of the latest literature on Long COVID, focusing on its epidemiology, natural history, definitions, clinical manifestations, pathophysiology, management, and prevention. Approximately 10 to 20% of individuals experience a wide range of persistent symptoms lasting for months to years. The lack of diagnostic tests and a standardized definition for Long COVID has led to underdiagnosis and disregard of the condition, turning it into a silent pandemic. The burden on public health and society is substantial, impacting individuals and communities across demographics and causing economic losses and socioeconomic issues. It affects people of all ages, including those without pre-existing conditions. Complex pathophysiology involves factors such as viral persistence, immune system abnormalities, dysregulated inflammatory response, dysbiosis, reactivation of other viruses, and microthrombi formation. These mechanisms contribute to the diverse range of varied multisystemic symptoms. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate management are crucial, as the condition can significantly impair quality of life. Management is based on a symptom-based approach and requires multidisciplinary care involving healthcare professionals from various specialties. Further research is needed to raise awareness, understand the natural history and prognosis, and develop effective treatment guidelines for this emerging healthcare burden. Staying informed on Long COVID research is vital for the efficient management of this public health crisis.