Evaluating the Aftershock Duration of Induced Earthquakes

IF 2.6 3区 地球科学 Q2 GEOCHEMISTRY & GEOPHYSICS
Kayla A. Kroll, Michael R. Brudzinski
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Abstract

ABSTRACT As the carbon sequestration community prepares to scale up the number and size of commercial operations, the need for tools and methods to assess and mitigate risks associated with these operations becomes increasingly important. One outstanding question is whether aftershocks of induced events decay quickly after injection operations cease or if aftershock activity persists for hundreds of years before returning to background levels more akin to tectonic events (Stein and Liu, 2009). Appropriate estimates of the aftershock duration impact several operational management decisions including mitigation strategies and post-injection monitoring for seismic activity. It is hypothesized that induced earthquake rates may diminish more quickly after injection is stopped, owing to higher stressing rates from injected fluids. Alternatively, it is plausible that only the first event in the sequence is induced by increased fluid overpressures, whereas subsequent events (e.g., aftershocks) respond to the stored tectonic stresses and static and dynamic stress changes due to the mainshock (Keranen et al., 2013). If the aftershock duration can be linked to stressing rates due to injection, then it follows that operational strategies to reduce seismic hazard by reducing injection rates or volumes may be successful. However, if aftershocks of induced events are relieving stored tectonic stresses, then altering injection volumes may not alleviate ongoing seismic activity. Furthermore, knowledge of an aftershock duration could aid in the determination of an appropriate post-injection monitoring period for ongoing seismicity, which is a factor in overall operational costs. In this study, we model induced seismicity sequences in Oklahoma with a coupled Coulomb rate–state earthquake rate model (Dieterich, 1994; Kroll et al., 2017) to estimate aftershocks durations. Results for the current study indicate that elevated rates of aftershock activity following induced mainshocks return to background seismicity rates in less than five years, contrary to the tens to hundreds of years observed for tectonic aftershocks.
诱发地震余震持续时间的评估
随着碳封存行业准备扩大商业操作的数量和规模,对评估和减轻与这些操作相关风险的工具和方法的需求变得越来越重要。一个突出的问题是,在注入操作停止后,诱发事件的余震是否会迅速衰减,或者余震活动是否会持续数百年,然后恢复到更类似于构造事件的背景水平(Stein和Liu, 2009)。对余震持续时间的适当估计影响到若干业务管理决策,包括缓解战略和注入后对地震活动的监测。据推测,由于注入流体的应力率较高,在停止注入后,诱发地震率可能会更快地降低。另一种可能是,序列中只有第一个事件是由流体超压增加引起的,而随后的事件(如余震)则对主震引起的储存的构造应力和静态和动态应力变化做出反应(Keranen等人,2013)。如果余震持续时间与注入造成的应力率有关,那么通过降低注入速度或注入量来减少地震危险的操作策略可能是成功的。然而,如果诱发事件的余震减轻了储存的构造应力,那么改变注入量可能不会减轻正在进行的地震活动。此外,了解余震持续时间有助于确定适当的注入后地震活动监测周期,这是影响总体运营成本的一个因素。在这项研究中,我们用耦合的库仑率-州地震率模型模拟了俄克拉荷马州的诱发地震活动序列(Dieterich, 1994;Kroll等人,2017)估计余震持续时间。目前研究的结果表明,诱发主震后的余震活动率升高在不到5年的时间内就会恢复到背景地震活动率,这与构造余震观测到的几十年到几百年相反。
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来源期刊
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America
Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America 地学-地球化学与地球物理
CiteScore
5.80
自引率
13.30%
发文量
140
审稿时长
3 months
期刊介绍: The Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, commonly referred to as BSSA, (ISSN 0037-1106) is the premier journal of advanced research in earthquake seismology and related disciplines. It first appeared in 1911 and became a bimonthly in 1963. Each issue is composed of scientific papers on the various aspects of seismology, including investigation of specific earthquakes, theoretical and observational studies of seismic waves, inverse methods for determining the structure of the Earth or the dynamics of the earthquake source, seismometry, earthquake hazard and risk estimation, seismotectonics, and earthquake engineering. Special issues focus on important earthquakes or rapidly changing topics in seismology. BSSA is published by the Seismological Society of America.
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