Geoheritage of the Kaliningrad Region, SE Baltic Coast

Abstract

Abstract The Kaliningrad Region is physiographically a mosaic and travel-attractive part of the SE Baltic coast. The Sambia Peninsula, the geomorphically most interesting, E-W-oriented extension of the mainland, has been shaped by past dynamic processes, starting with the Precambrian tectonics, the Palaeozoic and Mesozoic sea transitions, the Last Ice Age glaciations, the post-glacial riverine network formation, and the present shoreline erosion. The complex geological and palaeogeographical history generated a broad variety of geo-forms and landscapes, relicts of which are seen from the sea coast to the mainland. Rich fossils sealed in ancient, well-stratified formations of specific lithologies, with the famous Palaeogene amber beds, provide witness of past natural settings with flourishing life forms. The great geo-diversity of the peninsula underscores its scientific value as well as national and international tourism significance, adding to the historical architectural sites of this area. Some of these geomorphologically and geologically valuable places are increasingly threatened, besides anthropogenic factors, by storm surges, gravity flows and aeolian activity, causing progressing erosion along undercut cliffs, slumping and degradation of sand dune fields, among other geo-hazards. Survey, mapping and publicity of unique geo-sites are a proviso for their registration in natural heritage programmes with the implementation of appropriate geo-environmental protection strategies in balance with land-use management. This paper outlines the scientific, educational and touristic potential of the national geoheritage in the frame of the Baltic Sea coast geo-conservation initiatives.