The Impact of Space Radiation on Brains of Future Martian and Lunar Explorers

IF 3.8 2区 地球科学 Q2 ASTRONOMY & ASTROPHYSICS
Yuncong Li, Jingnan Guo, Salman Khaksarighiri, Mikhail Igorevich Dobynde, Jian Zhang, Bailiang Liu, Robert F. Wimmer‐Schweingruber
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Abstract

Abstract Astronauts will be facing many risks when they are away from Earth's environment, among which radiation is one of the most vital and troublesome issues. Space radiation exposure from energetic particles of Solar Energetic Particles (SEPs) and Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCRs) can adversely impact the Central Nervous System (CNS) by inducing acute (i.e., mission critical) and chronic (i.e., post‐mission) effects, respectively. Recently, Brain Response Functions (BRFs) based on a realistic brain structure have been developed to model cosmic‐ray induced dose in the brain (Khaksarighiri et al., 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.003 ). In this study, to quantify the radiation induced dose and evaluate the radiation risk to the CNS of the astronauts on the surface of Mars and Moon and in deep space, we use GCR/SEP spectral models together with Mars/Moon radiation transport codes to obtain the radiation field to which astronauts are exposed, and derive the absorbed dose in the brain with BRFs. Our calculations show that GCR induced absorbed dose per month in the brain does not reach the 30‐day limit for CNS (500 mGy) as defined by NASA on either Martian or lunar surface. Based on the spectra and frequency of historical extreme SEP events recorded at Earth as ground‐level enhancement events over past five solar cycles, our results suggest that the CNS of astronauts will be generally “safe” on the Martian surface, but those on the lunar surface or in deep space may face radiation risks in their CNS if not well shielded during such extreme events.
太空辐射对未来火星和月球探险者大脑的影响
航天员离开地球环境后将面临许多危险,其中辐射是最重要也是最棘手的问题之一。来自太阳高能粒子(sep)和银河宇宙射线(GCRs)的高能粒子的空间辐射暴露可以分别通过诱导急性(即任务关键期)和慢性(即任务后)效应对中枢神经系统(CNS)产生不利影响。最近,基于现实大脑结构的脑反应函数(brf)已经被开发出来,用于模拟宇宙射线在大脑中的诱导剂量(Khaksarighiri等人,2020,https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lssr.2020.07.003)。为了量化宇航员在火星、月球表面和深空的辐射诱导剂量,评估其对中枢神经系统的辐射风险,本研究采用GCR/SEP光谱模型,结合火星/月球辐射传输编码,获得了宇航员所暴露的辐射场,并通过brf推导出了航天员脑内的吸收剂量。我们的计算表明,无论是在火星还是月球表面,GCR诱导的大脑每月吸收剂量都没有达到NASA定义的CNS 30天的限制(500 mGy)。基于过去5个太阳活动周期在地球上记录的极端SEP增强事件的光谱和频率,我们的研究结果表明,宇航员的中枢神经系统在火星表面通常是“安全的”,但在月球表面或深空,如果在这些极端事件期间没有得到很好的屏蔽,他们的中枢神经系统可能会面临辐射风险。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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来源期刊
CiteScore
5.90
自引率
29.70%
发文量
166
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: Space Weather: The International Journal of Research and Applications (SWE) is devoted to understanding and forecasting space weather. The scope of understanding and forecasting includes: origins, propagation and interactions of solar-produced processes within geospace; interactions in Earth’s space-atmosphere interface region produced by disturbances from above and below; influences of cosmic rays on humans, hardware, and signals; and comparisons of these types of interactions and influences with the atmospheres of neighboring planets and Earth’s moon. Manuscripts should emphasize impacts on technical systems including telecommunications, transportation, electric power, satellite navigation, avionics/spacecraft design and operations, human spaceflight, and other systems. Manuscripts that describe models or space environment climatology should clearly state how the results can be applied.
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