Reflexões sobre a intensificação de adjetivos modais epistémicos por 'muito' e 'bem' em Português Europeu

Inês Cantante
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Abstract

Our research aims to investigate the semantic differences between muito (much/very) and bem (well), as degree modifiers, when applied to modal adjectives. These adjectives, contrary to the qualificative ones, predicate over situations and not individuals. Although these intensifiers, that is, muito and bem, are in some ways similar to each other, they also have several differences, as observed by Quadros Gomes (2011). Previous work (Horn, 1989; Oliveira, 1988; 2000; 2013; Ferreira, 2013; Cantante, 2018; 2020, e.o.) has shown that modal adjectives, like qualificative adjectives, are gradable and, therefore, ordered along a scale. Taking into consideration this similarity between these two types of adjectives, and, also, the differences between muito and bem, the present work aims to explore the scalar behaviour of epistemic modal adjectives, particularly when intensified by these degree modifiers. While investigating the adjectives possível (possible), provável (probable), necessário (necessary) and certo (certain) (the latter being the only adjective located on the top of the scale), this research allowed us to find that, apart from certo, which did not accept to be modified by muito, both these adverbs act by moving the adjectives to higher points of the scale. However, it is not evident, contrary to Quadros Gomes’ claims (2011), that bem has the capacity to put these adjectives on the top of the scale, therefore closing it. It is also important to acknowledge that, although bem moves the adjectives to higher points of the scale – even higher than the movement promoted by muito – this adverb, when modifying modal adjectives, seems to contain a second component to its meaning, which involves a modal evaluation, responsible for emphasizing the degree of certainty of the speaker regarding the situation described in the utterance.
欧洲葡萄牙语中“muito”和“bem”认知情态形容词强化的思考
我们的研究旨在探讨muito (much/very)和bem (well)作为程度修饰语用于情态形容词时的语义差异。这些形容词与限定性形容词相反,谓语指的是情境而不是个人。尽管这两个强化词,即muito和bem,在某些方面彼此相似,但正如Quadros Gomes(2011)所观察到的,它们也有一些不同之处。以前的作品(Horn, 1989;奥利维拉,1988;2000;2013;费雷拉,2013;翻拍,2018;2020年,e.o.)的研究表明,情态形容词和限定性形容词一样,是可分级的,因此是按照一个尺度来排序的。考虑到这两种类型形容词之间的相似性,以及muito和bem之间的差异,本研究旨在探索认知情态形容词的标量行为,特别是当这些程度修饰语加强时。在调查形容词possível(可能),provável(可能),necessário(必要)和certo(确定)(后者是唯一位于刻度顶端的形容词)时,这项研究让我们发现,除了certo不接受muito的修饰外,这两个副词都将形容词移动到刻度的较高位置。然而,与Quadros Gomes(2011)的说法相反,bem有能力将这些形容词放在刻度的顶端,从而关闭它,这一点并不明显。同样重要的是要承认,尽管bem将形容词移动到更高的音阶上——甚至比muito所促进的运动更高——但这个副词在修饰情态形容词时,似乎包含了其意义的第二个组成部分,这涉及到情态评价,负责强调说话人对话语中所描述的情况的确定程度。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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