THE WAY UKRAINIANS LEARNT THE CZECH LANGUAGE IN CZECHOSLOVAKIA OR UKRAINIAN INTERWAR IMMIGRATION IN THE NEW LINGUISTIC FIELD (1918-1939)

O. Zubko
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Abstract

The phenomenon of cross-linguistic homonymy is the result of closely related languages’ interaction, confusing the same or similar sounding words which have different meanings in different languages. The Ukrainian immigrant community in the interwar Czechoslovakia is no exception. The life of the people of Ukrainian origin in the interwar Czechoslovakia can be conditionally divided into four periods. The first one dates back to 1918-1921 when the detachments of Ukrainian Galicia Army entered the territory of the First Czechoslovak Republic: “Hirska Brygada”, “Stary Tabir”, “Hlyboka”, “Krukenychy”. This first period for the people of Ukrainian origin in the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic is characterized by the lack of interest in learning the Czech language in general as far as most of the campers, who had conversational fluency in German and Polish, were waiting for settling the status of Eastern Galicia, the fate of the Western Ukrainian People’s Republic and solving the conflict in Cieszyn Silesia. The second period dates back to 1921-1925 when the majority of antibolshevik immigration arrived in the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic. Especially this period is characterized by the active learning of the Czech language. The immigrants had two ways of mastering the language. The official way was acquiring the high education in the Czech and Ukrainian educational establishments. However, the most widespread way was the unofficial one, when the language was learnt in the shops, restaurants, bars or other working places where unskilled manual labour was required (for example, at Tomash Batia’s shoe factory, different plants and enterprises); right in the streets after all within different communication situations. The third period in the life of the people of Ukrainian origin on the territory of the interwar First Czechoslovak Republic took place in 1925-1929 and was called “povorontnytstvo”. During this period there was no way of speaking about mastering the Czech language and using cross-linguistic homonyms. In the 1930s due to the world economic crisis and shutting down the access to the Czechoslovak labour market for the people of Ukrainian origin the issue of learning the Czech language was not raised at all. The majority of the people of Ukrainian origin who stayed in Prague and its suburbs or moved to Transcarpathia had already mastered the Czech language by that time. Thus, on the one hand the provocative similarity created a number of obstacles, misunderstandings, it caused tragic and sometimes comic situations. On the other hand, it spiced up the everyday lives of the people of Ukrainian origin.
乌克兰人在捷克斯洛伐克学习捷克语的方式或新语言领域的乌克兰两次世界大战之间的移民(1918-1939)
跨语言同音现象是密切相关的语言相互作用的结果,将不同语言中意义相同或相近的词混淆在一起。两次世界大战之间的捷克斯洛伐克的乌克兰移民社区也不例外。在两次世界大战之间的捷克斯洛伐克,乌克兰裔人民的生活可以有条件地分为四个时期。第一次可以追溯到1918-1921年,当时乌克兰加利西亚军队分遣队进入第一捷克斯洛伐克共和国领土:“赫斯卡·布赖加达”、“斯塔里·塔比尔”、“希莱博卡”、“克鲁肯奇”。在两次世界大战之间的第一捷克斯洛伐克共和国,乌克兰血统的人的第一个时期的特点是缺乏学习捷克语的兴趣,因为大多数露营者都能流利地使用德语和波兰语,他们正在等待解决东加利西亚的地位、西乌克兰人民共和国的命运和解决切辛西里西亚的冲突。第二个时期可以追溯到1921年至1925年,当时大多数反布尔什维克移民抵达两次世界大战之间的第一捷克斯洛伐克共和国。特别是这一时期的特点是积极学习捷克语。移民们有两种掌握语言的方法。官方的方式是在捷克和乌克兰的教育机构接受高等教育。然而,最普遍的方式是非官方的,当语言在商店、餐馆、酒吧或其他需要非熟练体力劳动的工作场所学习(例如,在Tomash Batia的鞋厂,不同的工厂和企业);就在街上,毕竟在不同的交流场合。在两次世界大战之间的第一捷克斯洛伐克共和国领土上的乌克兰裔人民生活的第三个时期发生在1925-1929年,被称为“povorontnytstvo”。在这一时期,没有办法说掌握捷克语和使用跨语言同音异义词。在20世纪30年代,由于世界经济危机和乌克兰裔人进入捷克斯洛伐克劳动力市场的机会被关闭,学习捷克语的问题根本没有被提出。大多数留在布拉格及其郊区或搬到外喀尔巴阡山脉的乌克兰裔人当时已经掌握了捷克语。因此,一方面,这种挑衅性的相似性造成了一些障碍和误解,它造成了悲剧,有时甚至是滑稽的情况。另一方面,它为乌克兰人的日常生活增添了情趣。
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