Structural Failure Analysis of Earthquake Affected Buildings in Gorkha (Nepal) Earthquake 2015 in Kathmandu Valley

Abstract

The major earthquake in April 25, 2015 of Mw 7.8 and aftershock of intensity Mw 7.3 on May 12, 2015 has caused not only  a substantial death toll and huge economic losses, but also heavy damage to many buildings. This paper outlines the common  observed  damage  patterns  of  different  types  of  buildings  in  Kathmandu  valley  induced  by  the  earthquake  and  their constructional deficiencies..We visited Department Of Urban Development and Building Construction (DUDBC) of Nepal Government,  and  Nepal  Society  for  Earthquake  Technology  (NSET)  and  got  various  information  regarding  structural damages  caused  by  Gorkha  earthquake.  After  acquiring  knowledge  on  this  topic  through  internet  and  from  NSET  and DUDBC, the structural failure analysis of buildings affected during the earthquake in Kathmandu Valley was done by photo observation. Both unreinforced masonry buildings and reinforced masonry structures suffered low to heavy destruction. The construction  and  structural deficiencies were  identified  to be  the major  cause of  failure, however  local  soil  amplification, foundation problems, liquefaction associated damages and local settlement related damages were also significantly observed during this earthquake and reported in the paper. The Gorkha earthquake sequences delivered unprecedented opportunity to augment the understanding on seismic performance of the buildings. This paper is also motivated to point out the faintness in the past to current constructional practice of buildings, provide preventive measure and convey awareness to stake holders for future safer building construction practice.