{"title":"Le soutien de Google et de Facebook au factchecking français","authors":"Jérémie Nicey, L. Bigot","doi":"10.25200/slj.v9.n1.2020.418","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"FR. Tandis que le fact-checking (vérification par les faits) a bénéficié d’un essor et d’un intérêt certain depuis plus d’une décennie au sein des médias et de l’espace public, les plateformes numériques, pointées du doigt pour leur passivité face à la propagation de fausses informations particulièrement en 2016 à l’occasion des scrutins britannique (Brexit) et américain (élection de Donald Trump), ont entrepris l’année suivante des initiatives de soutien et de partenariat à destination de ces unités journalistiques spécialisées, dans une démarche de fiabilisation de l’information circulant en ligne.\nFondé sur un travail d’observation participante et d’analyse approfondie de la littérature institutionnelle et professionnelle dans le domaine, cet article porte à la fois sur les outils et apports techniques de Google et de Facebook au travail de vérification de l’information et sur deux opérations de fact-checking collaboratif initiées par ces géants numériques : d’une part la coalition CrossCheck, ayant réuni trente-trois rédactions françaises durant la campagne présidentielle de 2017 et soutenue financièrement par Google, via l’organisation First Draft ; d’autre part the Facebook’s Third-Party Fact-Checking Program, initiative du réseau social consistant à démonter et signaler les rumeurs présentes sur sa propre plateforme en faisant appel à des tierces parties, en l’occurrence les rédactions de fact-checking assermentées, et à les rémunérer pour ce travail. Ce faisant, les auteurs examinent dans quelle mesure ces partenariats spécifiques, affichés par les rédactions auprès de leurs publics dans un esprit de relative transparence et constituant autant des opportunités que des opportunismes, y compris d’un point de vue financier, entrent en résonance avec les relations complexes et ambiguës, déjà connues, entre médias et plateformes, et ont des incidences autant sur les modalités pratiques de travail des fact-checkers que sur la transformation de leur modèle et de leurs choix éditoriaux.\n***\nEN. Fact-checking has been growing and gaining interest within the media field and within public space for more than a decade; meanwhile, digital platforms have been spotted as passive towards the spread of false and fake news, notably in 2016 during the British referendum (Brexit) and the election campaign of Donal Trump in the USA. The following year, they therefore undertook support and partnership initiatives dedicated to these specialised newsrooms, in order to increase the reliability of online news – i.e. of the contents that they themselves distribute.\nThis article is based on participant observation and on in-depth analysis of the institutional and professional literature in the field. It focuses on the tools and technical contributions of Google and Facebook to news verification, as well as on two collaborative fact checking operations initiated by these digital giants: on the one hand, the CrossCheck alliance which brought together thirty-three French newsrooms during the 2017 presidential campaign and was financially supported by Google, via the organization First Draft; on the other hand, the Facebook’s Third-Party Fact-Checking Program which hires and pays assigned and labelled fact-checking newsrooms to debunk and tag the news on the social network, in order to dismantle rumours on its own platform. In so doing, the authors examine to what extent such a dependency echoes the complex and ambiguous relationships between platforms and media which have deeply been studied elsewhere: in particular, they discuss why these specific partnerships, including funding, are both opportunities and opportunisms, how they impact the working practices of fact-checkers and how they tend to transform their model and their editorial choices, despite their relative transparency towards the audience.\n***\nPT. A checagem de fatos vem crescendo e despertando interesse no campo da mídia e no espaço público há mais de uma década. Enquanto isso, as plataformas digitais têm sido vistas como passivas à disseminação de notícias falsas, principalmente em 2016 durante o referendo britânico (Brexit) e a campanha eleitoral de Donal Trump nos EUA. No ano seguinte, foram empreendidas iniciativas de apoio e parceria dedicadas a essas redações especializadas, a fim de aumentar a confiabilidade das notícias on-line – ou seja, do conteúdo que elas mesmas distribuem.\nEste artigo baseia-se na observação participante e na análise aprofundada da literatura institucional e profissional no campo. Ele se concentra nas ferramentas e nas contribuições técnicas do Google e do Facebook para a verificação de notícias, bem como em duas operações colaborativas de verificação de fatos iniciadas por esses gigantes digitais: por um lado, a aliança CrossCheck, que reuniu 33 redações francesas durante a campanha presidencial de 2017 e foi apoiada financeiramente pelo Google, por meio da organização First Draft; por outro, o Programa de Verificação de Fatos de Terceiros do Facebook, que contrata e paga agências de checagem de fatos para desmascarar e marcar as notícias na rede social, a fim de desmantelar rumores em sua própria plataforma. Ao fazer isso, os autores examinam até que ponto essa dependência ecoa as relações complexas e ambíguas entre plataformas e mídia que foram profundamente estudadas em outros lugares: em particular, discutem por que essas parcerias específicas, incluindo financiamento, são tanto oportunidades quanto oportunismos, como elas impactam as práticas de trabalho dos verificadores de fatos e como elas tendem a transformar seu modelo e suas escolhas editoriais, apesar de sua relativa transparência em relação ao público.\n***","PeriodicalId":371942,"journal":{"name":"Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo","volume":"429 6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-06-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Sur le journalisme, About journalism, Sobre jornalismo","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.25200/slj.v9.n1.2020.418","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Abstract
FR. Tandis que le fact-checking (vérification par les faits) a bénéficié d’un essor et d’un intérêt certain depuis plus d’une décennie au sein des médias et de l’espace public, les plateformes numériques, pointées du doigt pour leur passivité face à la propagation de fausses informations particulièrement en 2016 à l’occasion des scrutins britannique (Brexit) et américain (élection de Donald Trump), ont entrepris l’année suivante des initiatives de soutien et de partenariat à destination de ces unités journalistiques spécialisées, dans une démarche de fiabilisation de l’information circulant en ligne.
Fondé sur un travail d’observation participante et d’analyse approfondie de la littérature institutionnelle et professionnelle dans le domaine, cet article porte à la fois sur les outils et apports techniques de Google et de Facebook au travail de vérification de l’information et sur deux opérations de fact-checking collaboratif initiées par ces géants numériques : d’une part la coalition CrossCheck, ayant réuni trente-trois rédactions françaises durant la campagne présidentielle de 2017 et soutenue financièrement par Google, via l’organisation First Draft ; d’autre part the Facebook’s Third-Party Fact-Checking Program, initiative du réseau social consistant à démonter et signaler les rumeurs présentes sur sa propre plateforme en faisant appel à des tierces parties, en l’occurrence les rédactions de fact-checking assermentées, et à les rémunérer pour ce travail. Ce faisant, les auteurs examinent dans quelle mesure ces partenariats spécifiques, affichés par les rédactions auprès de leurs publics dans un esprit de relative transparence et constituant autant des opportunités que des opportunismes, y compris d’un point de vue financier, entrent en résonance avec les relations complexes et ambiguës, déjà connues, entre médias et plateformes, et ont des incidences autant sur les modalités pratiques de travail des fact-checkers que sur la transformation de leur modèle et de leurs choix éditoriaux.
***
EN. Fact-checking has been growing and gaining interest within the media field and within public space for more than a decade; meanwhile, digital platforms have been spotted as passive towards the spread of false and fake news, notably in 2016 during the British referendum (Brexit) and the election campaign of Donal Trump in the USA. The following year, they therefore undertook support and partnership initiatives dedicated to these specialised newsrooms, in order to increase the reliability of online news – i.e. of the contents that they themselves distribute.
This article is based on participant observation and on in-depth analysis of the institutional and professional literature in the field. It focuses on the tools and technical contributions of Google and Facebook to news verification, as well as on two collaborative fact checking operations initiated by these digital giants: on the one hand, the CrossCheck alliance which brought together thirty-three French newsrooms during the 2017 presidential campaign and was financially supported by Google, via the organization First Draft; on the other hand, the Facebook’s Third-Party Fact-Checking Program which hires and pays assigned and labelled fact-checking newsrooms to debunk and tag the news on the social network, in order to dismantle rumours on its own platform. In so doing, the authors examine to what extent such a dependency echoes the complex and ambiguous relationships between platforms and media which have deeply been studied elsewhere: in particular, they discuss why these specific partnerships, including funding, are both opportunities and opportunisms, how they impact the working practices of fact-checkers and how they tend to transform their model and their editorial choices, despite their relative transparency towards the audience.
***
PT. A checagem de fatos vem crescendo e despertando interesse no campo da mídia e no espaço público há mais de uma década. Enquanto isso, as plataformas digitais têm sido vistas como passivas à disseminação de notícias falsas, principalmente em 2016 durante o referendo britânico (Brexit) e a campanha eleitoral de Donal Trump nos EUA. No ano seguinte, foram empreendidas iniciativas de apoio e parceria dedicadas a essas redações especializadas, a fim de aumentar a confiabilidade das notícias on-line – ou seja, do conteúdo que elas mesmas distribuem.
Este artigo baseia-se na observação participante e na análise aprofundada da literatura institucional e profissional no campo. Ele se concentra nas ferramentas e nas contribuições técnicas do Google e do Facebook para a verificação de notícias, bem como em duas operações colaborativas de verificação de fatos iniciadas por esses gigantes digitais: por um lado, a aliança CrossCheck, que reuniu 33 redações francesas durante a campanha presidencial de 2017 e foi apoiada financeiramente pelo Google, por meio da organização First Draft; por outro, o Programa de Verificação de Fatos de Terceiros do Facebook, que contrata e paga agências de checagem de fatos para desmascarar e marcar as notícias na rede social, a fim de desmantelar rumores em sua própria plataforma. Ao fazer isso, os autores examinam até que ponto essa dependência ecoa as relações complexas e ambíguas entre plataformas e mídia que foram profundamente estudadas em outros lugares: em particular, discutem por que essas parcerias específicas, incluindo financiamento, são tanto oportunidades quanto oportunismos, como elas impactam as práticas de trabalho dos verificadores de fatos e como elas tendem a transformar seu modelo e suas escolhas editoriais, apesar de sua relativa transparência em relação ao público.
***
FR。而事实核查事实核查)获得了繁荣和具有一定的十多年内媒体和公共空间,数字平台,为他们的矛头指向特别被动,面对传播虚假信息2016年选举时(英国脱欧)和美国(Donald Trump)当选,在接下来的一年里,为这些专门的新闻单位发起了支持和伙伴关系倡议,以确保在网上传播的信息是可靠的。深入参与观察和分析工作为基础的文学体制和专业领域的文章,既涉及工具和技术投入与谷歌和Facebook信息核查工作,并就两项业务的事实核查这些数字巨头发起的众筹:一方面是CrossCheck联盟,在2017年总统竞选期间聚集了33家法国新闻编辑部,并得到谷歌的财政支持,通过组织First Draft;另一方面,facebook的第三方事实核查计划(Third-Party Fact-Checking Program)是一个社交网络倡议,通过使用第三方(在本例中是宣誓的事实核查编辑)来揭发和报告自己平台上的谣言,并为此支付报酬。在此过程中,审查在何种程度上这些伙伴关系的具体实施者,由编辑部刊登公开向自己国家构成的相对本着透明和权宜之计的机遇,包括财务角度进入共振,与已知的复杂而暧昧的关系,媒体平台之间,对事实核查人员的实际工作方式以及他们的模式和编辑选择的转变都有影响。十多年来,事实核查在媒体领域和公共空间内日益引起关注;与此同时,人们发现数字平台对虚假和假新闻的传播是被动的,特别是在2016年英国公投(脱欧)和多纳尔·特朗普在美国的竞选活动期间。因此,在接下来的一年里,它们为这些专门的新闻编辑室提供支持和伙伴关系,以提高在线新闻——即它们自己分发的内容的可靠性。本文基于参与者的观察和对该领域机构和专业文献的深入分析。tools进行脱盐It on the and technical捐款of news的谷歌和脸谱》的核查,as well as on by these two事实检查业务众包年digital巨人:on the one hand, the alliance CrossCheck which送信人合奏thirty-three French newsrooms during the定名为《2017年总统campaign and was financially by Google, via the organization (First稿;另一方面,facebook的第三方事实核查程序,要求和国家分配和标记事实核查新闻编辑室,以便在社交网络上揭发和标记新闻,以便在其自己的平台上揭发谣言。In doing so, the考察作家to what多少such a dependency echoes》(the complex and模糊不清之间关系平台and media which have之been studied的:他们的谈话,讨论(why are these特定合伙制,包括funding,委任elod both (opportunities and how they opportunisms, impact课程》(the working practices of设计model to transform and how they往往their and their社论choices, despite their相对透明“争取观众。* * * PT。十多年来,事实核查一直在增长,并引起了媒体领域和公共空间的兴趣。与此同时,数字平台被视为对假新闻传播的被动,特别是在2016年英国脱欧公投和多纳尔·特朗普(Donal Trump)在美国的竞选活动期间。在接下来的一年里,我们采取了支持和伙伴关系的举措,专门针对这些专业出版社,以提高网上新闻的可靠性,也就是他们自己分发的内容。本文基于参与者的观察和对该领域机构和专业文献的深入分析。 他集中工具和技术贡献的谷歌和Facebook消息认证,以及两个操作相似的服装由巨人指纹认证:一方面,联盟CrossCheck会议33修订2017年法国总统竞选活动,在经济上支持谷歌,通过组织初稿;另一方面,Facebook的第三方事实核查项目雇佣并支付事实核查机构的费用,揭露和标记社交网络上的新闻,以消除自己平台上的谣言。通过这样做,作者研究了这种依赖在多大程度上呼应了平台和媒体之间复杂而模糊的关系,这些关系在其他地方已经被深入研究过:特别是,他们讨论了为什么这些具体的伙伴关系,包括资金,既是机会也是机会,它们如何影响事实核查人员的工作实践,以及它们如何倾向于改变他们的编辑模式和选择,尽管它们对公众相对透明