EDUCATION LEVEL AND SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS RELATED DIFFERENCES IN REGULAR PHYSICAL ACTIVITY LEVELS OF ADULTS

The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport Pub Date : 2019-07-01 DOI:10.22282/ojrs.2019.52

Yener Aksoy, M. A. Ziyagil

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There were significant differences in female participants’ body height and body weight depending on their educational status. Only significant difference was observed in the mean of female’s body height depending on monthly income level. The physical activity level of uneducated participants was highest in males and females. Significant negative correlations were observed between physical activity and educational status in males (r=-,108, p<.01) and females (r=-,129, p<.01). It can be concluded that physical activity level in both genders was affected by educational status not monthly income level. Basically, increasing awareness level of individuals about the effects of physical and sport activities on fitness and health level is only related to educational level of male and female individuals. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 24 INTRODUCTION There was a need to develop new policies to change the people’ high level of inactive life style based on scientific data collection in Turkey. So, the participation rate in regular physical activity with new strategies was increased from 3.5% in 2010 to 33% in 2015 in Turkey (Ceker, Cekin & Ziyagil, 2015). In the participation of physical activity, males had a higher percentage (32.95%) than females (28.08%) while exercise participation percentages decreased with increasing age in both gender. These percentages are still the lowest for participation level in regular physical activity compared to European Countries. Turkey is a developing country with large socioeconomic and educational differences among the citizens. Low family income and educational level may limit people to buy sport wears and materials, to access sport fields and fitness centers with increasing their awareness level related to health and physical fitness. Education level indicates degree of knowledge, skill and attitudes along with the ability to attract material wealth. In other side, monthly income shows current economic or materialistic welfare. Both of these socio-economic parameters are related to physical activity levels. Studies focusing the relationships between education and physical activity during the aging process showed that there were education based differences in the physical activity level of different populations during middle and late life (Chad, Reeder, Harrison, Ashworth, Sheppard & Schultz, 2005; Grzywacz & Marks, 2001; Kaplan, Newsom, McFarland, & Lu, 2001; King, Castro, Wilcox, Eyler, Sallis & Brownson, 2000). He and Baker (2005) also stated that some forms of physical related to strenuous work activity are inversely correlated to education level. Wagenknecht, Perkins, Cutter, Sidney, Burke, Manolio & Hulley (1990) and Choiniere, Lafontaine & Edwards (2000) reported that the physical activity level was raised with increasing education level and there was a strong positive association between education level and physical activity. Schnohr (2004) also demonstrated that participants with the lowest level of education were frequently both physically inactive and heavy smokers. In many studies, physical activity seems to be related education level and monthly income in different levels (Wagenknecht et al. 1990; Choiniere et al. 2000). There are limited numbers of studies about the degree to which education level and monthly income are associated with withinperson changes in physical activity in Turkish population. Health and physical activity policies The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 25 should be based on comprehensive data that represents all age groups in both genders. This study examines the possible relations of education level and monthly income to regular physical activity level from adolescents and adults for developing effective promotion strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of education and socioeconomic status on regular physical activity levels in males and females at the age range of 1495 years. METHOD Data were collected from six groups consisted of 14-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-95 years of age. Totally 2700 participants including 1350 male and 1350 females at the age range of 14-95 years living in Samsun central districts were chosen randomly. Turkish version of Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire (Cengiz, Asci & Ince, 2010) was used for data collection in different age groups for male and females. In this study, participants were divided into five categories as stages of exercise behaviour change including a pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stages. The physical activity score was determined by giving 1 point to pre-contemplation, 2 points to contemplation and 3 points to preparation, 4 points to action and 5 points to maintenance stages. Participants were divided into four socioeconomic categories as very low, low, middle and high classes. They were also divided five educational status depending on their graduation levels as university, high school, secondary school, primary school and uneducated. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used for comparison of physical activity participation rates between gender depending on education and socio-economic status level. The origin of differences was determined by post Hoc LSD test (Least Significant Difference). The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 26 RESULTS Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to monthly income level in both genders was presented in Table 1, while comparison of physical characteristics with respect to education level in both genders was shown in table 2. In other side, comparison of physical activity levels with respect to educational status in both genders was demonstrated in Table 3, while comparison of physical activity level with respect to monthly income in both genders was shown in Table 4. Finally, correlation coefficients among physical activity level, monthly income and education level was presented in Table 5. Tablo 1. Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to monthly income level in both genders. Variable MALES FEMALES Monthly Income N M S.D F Sig. LSD N M S.D F Sig. LSD Age (Years) G 1. Very Low 443 40,14 17,88 ,051 ,985 n.a. 416 39,00 18,08 1,987 ,114 n.a. G 2. Low 532 39,99 17,82 601 40,06 17,71 G 3. Middle 273 39,72 17,53 242 42,44 18,45 G 4. High 102 39,54 17,45 91 39,05 17,94 Total 1350 39,95 17,74 1350 40,09 17,99 Body Height (cm) G 1. Very Low 443 168,94 10,47 13,379 ,000** GG1<G2, G3,G4 416 162,65 8,15 14,815 ,000** G1<G2, G3,G4; G2<G3, G4; G3<G4 G 2. Low 532 172,08 9,96 601 164,55 7,46 G 3. Middle 273 172,85 10,55 242 166,57 7,83 G 4. High 102 174,05 9,93 91 166,33 9,37 Total 1350 171,35 10,39 1350 164,45 8,00 Body Weight (kg) G 1. Very Low 443 72,01 14,54 2,744 ,042* G4>G1, G2 416 65,46 13,03 1,321 ,266 n.a. G 2. Low 532 72,99 13,78 601 66,85 12,47 G 3. Middle 273 73,37 13,44 242 67,10 12,31 G 4. High 102 76,34 14,02 91 65,82 13,25 Total 1350 73,00 14,01 1350 66,40 12,68 BMI G 1. Very Low 443 25,18 4,49 1,835 ,139 n.a. 416 24,78 4,97 1,676 ,170 n.a. G 2. Low 532 24,63 4,30 601 24,74 4,69 G 3. Middle 273 24,57 4,27 242 24,24 4,55 G 4. High 102 25,14 3,94 91 23,81 4,61 Total 1350 24,84 4,33 1350 24,60 4,75 *p<0.05; **p<0.01; G=Group. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 27 Tablo 2. Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to education level in both genders. Variable MALES FEMALES Monthly Income N M S.D F Sig. LSD N M S.D F Sig. LSD Age (Years) G 1. Uneducated 274 40,76 16,95 ,273 ,896 n.a. 348 41,13 17,30 ,870 ,481 n.a. G 2. Primary School 438 39,49 17,25 467 40,10 17,73 G 3. Secondary School 300 40,26 18,64 291 39,72 18,42 G 4. High School 238 39,55 17,96 195 39,74 18,61 G 5. University 100 39,75 18,86 49 36,35 20,27 Total 1350 39,95 17,74 135 0 40,09 17,99 Body Height (cm) G 1. Uneducated 274 175,25 8,56 29,2 ,000** G1<G2,G3, G4,G5; G2<G3,G4, G5; G3<G4,G5; G<G5 348 167,59 7,73 26,862 ,000** G1<G2,G 3,G4,G5; G2<G3,G 4,G5; G3<G4 G 2. Primary School 438 173,00 8,57 467 164,67 7,17 G 3. Secondary School 300 169,64 11,49 291 161,62 8,59 G 4. High School 238 168,46 11,31 195 163,03 6,99 G 5. University 100 165,51 11,04 49 162,47 9,56 Total 1350 171,35 10,39 135 0 164,45 8,00 Body Weight (kg) G 1. Uneducated 274 75,16 13,00 6,01 ,000** G1<G3,G4, G5; G2<G3,G4, G5; 348 68,32 12,54 3,043 ,016* G1<G2,G 3,G4,G5; G 2. Primary School 438 74,46 13,34 467 66,18 11,97 G 3. Secondary School 300 71,14 14,75 291 65,56 12,96 G 4. High School 238 71,24 14,31 195 65,08 13,45 G 5. University 100 70,42 15,14 49 65,06 14,17 Total 1350 73,00 14,01 135 0 66,40 12,68 BMI G 1. Uneducated 274 24,44 3,80 1,770 ,132 n.a. 348 24,34 4,33 1,645 ,161 n.a. G 2. Primary School 438 24,86 4,09 467 24,42 4,35 G 3. Secondary School 300 24,68 4,58 291 25,21 5,33 G 4. High School 238 25,13 4,80 195 24,55 5,28 G 5. University 100 25,62 4,74 49 24,67 5,25 Total 1350 24,84 4,33 135 0 24,60 4,75 *p<0.05; **p<0.01; G=Grou","PeriodicalId":188474,"journal":{"name":"The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport","volume":"10 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2019-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.22282/ojrs.2019.52","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}

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Abstract

This study aims to investigate the effects of education and socio-economic status on regular physical activity levels in 1350 males and 1350 female participants at the age range of 14-95 years. Turkish version of Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire (Cengiz, Asci & Ince, 2010) was used for data collection in different age groups for both genders. Socioeconomic status information composed of monthly household income and final educational level of a participant. Results of this study showed that the mean body height and weight were significantly differentiated depending on male participants’ educational status and monthly income level. There were significant differences in female participants’ body height and body weight depending on their educational status. Only significant difference was observed in the mean of female’s body height depending on monthly income level. The physical activity level of uneducated participants was highest in males and females. Significant negative correlations were observed between physical activity and educational status in males (r=-,108, p<.01) and females (r=-,129, p<.01). It can be concluded that physical activity level in both genders was affected by educational status not monthly income level. Basically, increasing awareness level of individuals about the effects of physical and sport activities on fitness and health level is only related to educational level of male and female individuals. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 24 INTRODUCTION There was a need to develop new policies to change the people’ high level of inactive life style based on scientific data collection in Turkey. So, the participation rate in regular physical activity with new strategies was increased from 3.5% in 2010 to 33% in 2015 in Turkey (Ceker, Cekin & Ziyagil, 2015). In the participation of physical activity, males had a higher percentage (32.95%) than females (28.08%) while exercise participation percentages decreased with increasing age in both gender. These percentages are still the lowest for participation level in regular physical activity compared to European Countries. Turkey is a developing country with large socioeconomic and educational differences among the citizens. Low family income and educational level may limit people to buy sport wears and materials, to access sport fields and fitness centers with increasing their awareness level related to health and physical fitness. Education level indicates degree of knowledge, skill and attitudes along with the ability to attract material wealth. In other side, monthly income shows current economic or materialistic welfare. Both of these socio-economic parameters are related to physical activity levels. Studies focusing the relationships between education and physical activity during the aging process showed that there were education based differences in the physical activity level of different populations during middle and late life (Chad, Reeder, Harrison, Ashworth, Sheppard & Schultz, 2005; Grzywacz & Marks, 2001; Kaplan, Newsom, McFarland, & Lu, 2001; King, Castro, Wilcox, Eyler, Sallis & Brownson, 2000). He and Baker (2005) also stated that some forms of physical related to strenuous work activity are inversely correlated to education level. Wagenknecht, Perkins, Cutter, Sidney, Burke, Manolio & Hulley (1990) and Choiniere, Lafontaine & Edwards (2000) reported that the physical activity level was raised with increasing education level and there was a strong positive association between education level and physical activity. Schnohr (2004) also demonstrated that participants with the lowest level of education were frequently both physically inactive and heavy smokers. In many studies, physical activity seems to be related education level and monthly income in different levels (Wagenknecht et al. 1990; Choiniere et al. 2000). There are limited numbers of studies about the degree to which education level and monthly income are associated with withinperson changes in physical activity in Turkish population. Health and physical activity policies The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 25 should be based on comprehensive data that represents all age groups in both genders. This study examines the possible relations of education level and monthly income to regular physical activity level from adolescents and adults for developing effective promotion strategies. Thus, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of education and socioeconomic status on regular physical activity levels in males and females at the age range of 1495 years. METHOD Data were collected from six groups consisted of 14-19, 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, 50-59 and 60-95 years of age. Totally 2700 participants including 1350 male and 1350 females at the age range of 14-95 years living in Samsun central districts were chosen randomly. Turkish version of Physical Activity Stages of Change Questionnaire (Cengiz, Asci & Ince, 2010) was used for data collection in different age groups for male and females. In this study, participants were divided into five categories as stages of exercise behaviour change including a pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action and maintenance stages. The physical activity score was determined by giving 1 point to pre-contemplation, 2 points to contemplation and 3 points to preparation, 4 points to action and 5 points to maintenance stages. Participants were divided into four socioeconomic categories as very low, low, middle and high classes. They were also divided five educational status depending on their graduation levels as university, high school, secondary school, primary school and uneducated. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests were used for comparison of physical activity participation rates between gender depending on education and socio-economic status level. The origin of differences was determined by post Hoc LSD test (Least Significant Difference). The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 26 RESULTS Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to monthly income level in both genders was presented in Table 1, while comparison of physical characteristics with respect to education level in both genders was shown in table 2. In other side, comparison of physical activity levels with respect to educational status in both genders was demonstrated in Table 3, while comparison of physical activity level with respect to monthly income in both genders was shown in Table 4. Finally, correlation coefficients among physical activity level, monthly income and education level was presented in Table 5. Tablo 1. Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to monthly income level in both genders. Variable MALES FEMALES Monthly Income N M S.D F Sig. LSD N M S.D F Sig. LSD Age (Years) G 1. Very Low 443 40,14 17,88 ,051 ,985 n.a. 416 39,00 18,08 1,987 ,114 n.a. G 2. Low 532 39,99 17,82 601 40,06 17,71 G 3. Middle 273 39,72 17,53 242 42,44 18,45 G 4. High 102 39,54 17,45 91 39,05 17,94 Total 1350 39,95 17,74 1350 40,09 17,99 Body Height (cm) G 1. Very Low 443 168,94 10,47 13,379 ,000** GG1G1, G2 416 65,46 13,03 1,321 ,266 n.a. G 2. Low 532 72,99 13,78 601 66,85 12,47 G 3. Middle 273 73,37 13,44 242 67,10 12,31 G 4. High 102 76,34 14,02 91 65,82 13,25 Total 1350 73,00 14,01 1350 66,40 12,68 BMI G 1. Very Low 443 25,18 4,49 1,835 ,139 n.a. 416 24,78 4,97 1,676 ,170 n.a. G 2. Low 532 24,63 4,30 601 24,74 4,69 G 3. Middle 273 24,57 4,27 242 24,24 4,55 G 4. High 102 25,14 3,94 91 23,81 4,61 Total 1350 24,84 4,33 1350 24,60 4,75 *p<0.05; **p<0.01; G=Group. The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport – July 2019 Volume 8, Issue 3 www.tojras.com Copyright © The Online Journal of Recreation and Sport 27 Tablo 2. Comparison of physical characteristics with respect to education level in both genders. Variable MALES FEMALES Monthly Income N M S.D F Sig. LSD N M S.D F Sig. LSD Age (Years) G 1. Uneducated 274 40,76 16,95 ,273 ,896 n.a. 348 41,13 17,30 ,870 ,481 n.a. G 2. Primary School 438 39,49 17,25 467 40,10 17,73 G 3. Secondary School 300 40,26 18,64 291 39,72 18,42 G 4. High School 238 39,55 17,96 195 39,74 18,61 G 5. University 100 39,75 18,86 49 36,35 20,27 Total 1350 39,95 17,74 135 0 40,09 17,99 Body Height (cm) G 1. Uneducated 274 175,25 8,56 29,2 ,000** G1

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受教育程度和社会经济地位对成人常规体育活动水平差异的影响

本研究旨在探讨教育程度和社会经济地位对1350名年龄在14-95岁的男性和1350名女性的正常体育活动水平的影响。采用土耳其语版《身体活动变化阶段问卷》(Cengiz, Asci & Ince, 2010)收集不同年龄段男女的数据。社会经济地位信息包括家庭月收入和参与者的最终教育水平。研究结果显示，男性受教育程度和月收入水平对平均身高和体重有显著差异。女性被试的身高、体重随受教育程度的不同而有显著差异。只有月收入水平对女性身高的平均值有显著影响。未受教育的参与者的体育活动水平在男性和女性中都是最高的。男性体力活动与受教育程度呈显著负相关(r=-，108, pG1, G2 416 65,46 13,03 1,321,266 n.a。低532 72、99 13、78 601 66、85 12、47 G 3。中273 73、37 13、44 242 67、10 12、31 G 4。最高102 76、34 14、02 91 65、82 13、25、总1350 73、00 14、01 1350 66、40 12、68 BMI g1。极低443 25、18 4、49 1835、139 n.a 416 24、78 4、97 1676、170 n.a G 2。低532 24、63 4、30 601 24、74 4、69 G 3。中间273 24、57 4、27 242 24、24 4、55 G 4。高102 25、14 3、94 91 23、81 4、61，共1350 24、84 4、33 1350 24、60 4、75 *p<0.05;* * p < 0.01;G =。在线娱乐与体育杂志- 2019年7月第8卷第3期www.tojras.com版权所有©在线娱乐与体育杂志27表2。男女受教育程度的体质特征比较。可变男性女性月收入N M s.d.f Sig. LSD N M s.d.f Sig. LSD年龄(岁)g1。未受教育的274、40、76、16、95、273、896年;348、41、13、17、30、870、481年;小学438 39、49 17、25 467 40、10 17、73 G中学300 40、26 18、64 291、39、72 18、42 G高中238 39、55 17、96 195 39、74 18、61 G 5。大学100 39、75 18、86 49 36、35 20、27总计1350 39、95 17、74 1350 40、09 17、99体高(厘米)g1未受教育人群274 175、25 8、56 29、2000 ** G1

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