Bookkeeping and accounting control systems in a tenth-century Muslim administrative office

Abstract

An integrated accounting system existed in Muslim administrative offices of the tenth century. Evidence suggests that some modern-day-like bookkeeping and accounting control procedures may have been practised. It is reasonable to believe that Italian traders were educated in the use of sophisticated business methods by their Muslim counterparts. Importantly, the accounting system used in Muslim administrative offices was consistent with the preconditions for employing modern-day bookkeeping and accounting control procedures. The Muslim accounting system described here separated record and custodial functions, closed accounts monthly and audited them, and maintained an elaborate system of vouchers and documents of authorization to enhance internal control. Conjecture that the Muslim world contributed to the development of European accounting is justified and worthy of further research.