Policy instruments for sustainable tourism management in national parks: A comparative analysis of Colombia, Costa Rica, and Spain

Alejandra Téllez, Laura Duran, M. Chmielewska, Raquel Santos-Lacueva
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Abstract

Despite the current health crisis, global trends indicate that tourism all over the world will increase, especially in natural areas. This paper therefore aims to analyse the policy instruments for sustainable tourism management in national parks. The research focuses on three countries and two national parks in each: Los Nevados and Chingaza in Colombia, Manuel Antonio and Volcán Poás in Costa Rica, and Teide and Sierra de Guadarrama in Spain. A content analysis of official documents is carried out to identify organizational, normative and programmatic instruments. Organizational instruments for both tourism and the environment are represented graphically for each country, keywords are used to analyse normative instruments, and eleven topics and thirty-five subtopics are proposed as a means of exploring the inclusion of sustainable tourism criteria in programmatic instruments. The results show the areas where we believe there is room for improvement. These include coordination between those organizations in charge of protecting the environment and natural areas and those in charge of tourism, the inclusion of sustainable tourism in normative instruments, and greater emphasis to be placed on key topics for sustainability in the programmatic instruments, including carbon footprints and accessibility. Keywords: National parks, sustainable tourism, policy instruments
国家公园可持续旅游管理的政策工具:哥伦比亚、哥斯达黎加和西班牙的比较分析
尽管目前存在健康危机,但全球趋势表明,世界各地的旅游业将会增加,特别是在自然地区。因此,本文旨在分析国家公园可持续旅游管理的政策工具。这项研究的重点是三个国家和各自的两个国家公园:哥伦比亚的洛斯内瓦多斯和奇加萨,哥斯达黎加的曼努埃尔安东尼奥和Volcán Poás,西班牙的泰德和塞拉瓜达拉马。对正式文件进行内容分析,以确定组织、规范和方案文书。每个国家的旅游和环境组织文书都用图形表示,关键词用于分析规范性文书,并提出了11个专题和35个分专题,作为探索将可持续旅游标准纳入方案文书的一种手段。结果显示了我们认为有改进空间的领域。其中包括负责保护环境和自然地区的组织与负责旅游的组织之间的协调,将可持续旅游列入规范性文书,以及在方案文书中更加强调可持续性的关键议题,包括碳足迹和可及性。关键词:国家公园,可持续旅游,政策工具
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