A Comparative Study of Electric Vehicles Concerning Charging Infrastructure and Power Levels

Abstract

The development of electric vehicles (EVs) is an emergent solution to green the transportation systems and to reduce the issues of climate change. This paper inspects the present status, latest deployment and challenging issues in implementation of EVs infrastructure, battery chargers, in conjunction with charging power levels. The performance criteria of batteries are not only based on charging infrastructure and the characteristics of chargers but also on battery design and its types for EVs. In this study, the on-board and off-board categories of charging systems with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow are shown. Unidirectional charging offers hardware limitation and reduce interconnection issues. Bidirectional charging offers the fundamental feature of vehicle to grid technology. Cost issues and requirements for on-board energy storage systems are reduced with the accessibility of charging infrastructures. In particular, three types of power levels, Level 1(Ease), Level 2 (primary) and Level 3 i.e. fast are enlightened. Furthermore, our study analyzed the infrastructure configurations and numerous power level chargers based on equipment, location, time of charging, cost, amount of power, impacts on the gird and other aspects.