Tetanus (Lockjaw)

Abstract

What is tetanus? Tetanus is a disease caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria that affects the nervous system. Commonly called lockjaw, tetanus is now rare in the United States due to widespread vaccination. Who gets tetanus? Tetanus occurs more often in persons who have never been vaccinated against tetanus or who have not had a booster dose in the past 10 years. Tetanus occurs worldwide but is more common in agricultural regions of warmer climates, especially where contact with animal manure is more likely. Neonatal tetanus frequently occurs in developing countries when access to vaccine and maternity care is limited. What are the symptoms of tetanus? Early symptoms include muscular stiffness in the jaw (lockjaw), stiffness in the neck and abdomen, and difficulty in swallowing. Later symptoms include severe muscle spasms often lasting for several weeks. How soon after exposure do symptoms appear? Symptoms usually begin within 3 days to 3 weeks after exposure with an average of 10 days after exposure. When symptoms show up sooner, they often are associated with more heavily contaminated wounds and more severe illness. How is tetanus spread? The bacteria that cause tetanus enter the body through a break in the skin, primarily a wound. It is not spread from person to person. What is the treatment for tetanus? Wounds should be thoroughly cleaned. Tetanus Immune Globulin (TIG) is recommended followed by vaccination with tetanus toxoid. Supportive care and airway maintenance are critical.