Civic Management Model: A Citizenship Management Practice

Abstract

Citizens expectancies toward businesses have shifted their demands to lead world transformation in a more Citizen-focus approach, jeopardizing business economic performances. Our research question is: How does management integrate these new civic expectations in practice? Our abductive methodology covers 50 case studies of businesses, non-governmental organizations, public administrations and social movements. This paper presents the three approaches discovered illustrated by 13 case studies: 1) a Citizen-Inclusion approach, 2) a Citizen-Focus approach and 3) a Citizenship approach. A comparative analysis finds correlation of these three approaches with the 3 modern management models (Technical, Social and Traditional models) for the first two approaches. This leaves the Citizenship approach revealing a whole new management model: The Civic Management Model. We discuss the organizational and managerial implications of these new management practices on business strategies, adaptabilities, innovation and contribution.