Shīʿī Ideas of Slavery: A Study of Iran in the Qājar Era Before and After the Constitutional Revolution

M. Noori, Zahra Azhar
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Abstract

The wave of struggle againstthe slave trade which began in eighteenth century Europe reached the Middle East and countries in Persian Gulf in the nineteenth century. In its efforts to end slave trade, Britain concluded treaties with Ottomans, sheikhs in Oman, and the king of Masqat. This concentrated the trade of enslaved Black people from Africa in Iran. The study of this period in Iran is important because Muḥammad Shāh, the then ruler in Iran, believed that since any order that bans the slave trade is against Islam, concluding any accord in this regard was beyond his control and was related to sharī ͑a. This Essay discusses and compares the opinions of Shīʿī scholars in the Qājar era, when the question of the abolition of slavery was first posed via British diplomatic channels, and subsequently during the Constitutional Revolution 1905 (Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh), to see if the introduction of Human Rights concepts at the time had any effect on fatwas about slave trade. This is done by the study of historical documents, including royal correspondence, exchange of letters among Shīʿī scholars, and scholarly fatwas. This Essay argues that jurisprudential opinions continued to regard slavery as permissible within the sharīʿa despite political and diplomatic pressures to abolish it and despite the importance of the principles of freedom and equality in the Constitutional era.
《什·伊·汗的奴隶制思想:宪政革命前后Qājar时代的伊朗研究》
从18世纪欧洲开始的反对奴隶贸易的浪潮在19世纪到达了中东和波斯湾国家。在结束奴隶贸易的努力中,英国与奥斯曼人、阿曼的酋长和马斯卡特国王签订了条约。这使得被奴役的非洲黑人的贸易集中在伊朗。对伊朗这一时期的研究很重要,因为当时的伊朗统治者Muḥammad Shāh认为,由于任何禁止奴隶贸易的命令都是反对伊斯兰教的,因此在这方面达成任何协议都超出了他的控制范围,并且与sharawara有关。本文讨论并比较了Qājar时代(废除奴隶制的问题最初是通过英国外交渠道提出的)和随后在1905年宪法革命期间(Enghelāb-e Mashrūteh),什叶派学者的观点,看看当时人权概念的引入是否对有关奴隶贸易的教令有任何影响。这是通过对历史文献的研究来完成的,包括皇室通信,shu - yi学者之间的信件交换,以及学术法特瓦。本文认为,尽管有要求废除奴隶制的政治和外交压力,尽管自由和平等原则在宪法时代很重要,但法理学观点仍然认为奴隶制在伊斯兰教法中是允许的。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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