Comparison of synchronization methods for robust audio watermarks

Abstract

In this paper, we compared a number of frame synchronization methods for audio watermarks. M-sequence was embedded into the phase of the host signal for synchronization. We compared the detection accuracy of the Cross-power Spectrum Phase Analysis (CSPA) and the Smoothed Coherence Transform (SCT) method for additive noise. The CSPA showed higher detection rates by about 30% when 5-point smoothing was applied to the correlation. We plan to test other deterioration including analog channels using the CSPA.