Generations of Segregation

G. J. Sánchez
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Abstract

Los Angeles was built by immigrants from the U.S. South, Asia, and especially Mexico. After 1900 the city grew as a rail terminus, Pacific port, and tourist destination. It became a focus of film making and petroleum production, and developed booming defense industries during World War II and the Cold War. Marketed as the city of dreams, continuing immigration made it increasingly Mexican while Mexicans faced residential segregation that constrained educational chances, economic opportunities, and political participation. Fragmented urban administration allowed Realty Boards and County officials to limit Mexican-American (and African-American) citizenship despite national civil rights policies promoting integration and participation. When defense, energy, and other industries declined in the turn to globalization, African American (1973-93) and Mexican American (2005-13) mayors offered images of opening while enduring segregation constrained education, employment, and life opportunities for Mexican-Americans and African Americans. New immigrants from Mexico, Central America and beyond faced lives of marginality.
一代又一代的种族隔离
洛杉矶是由来自美国南部、亚洲,尤其是墨西哥的移民建造的。1900年后,这座城市发展成为铁路总站、太平洋港口和旅游目的地。它成为电影制作和石油生产的焦点,并在第二次世界大战和冷战期间发展了蓬勃发展的国防工业。作为梦想之城的宣传,持续的移民使它越来越墨西哥化,而墨西哥人则面临着限制教育机会、经济机会和政治参与的居住隔离。支离破碎的城市管理允许房地产委员会和县官员限制墨西哥裔美国人(和非裔美国人)的公民身份,尽管国家民权政策促进融合和参与。当国防、能源和其他行业因全球化而衰落时,非裔美国人(1973-93)和墨西哥裔美国人(2005-13)的市长们展现了开放的形象,而持久的种族隔离限制了墨西哥裔美国人和非洲裔美国人的教育、就业和生活机会。来自墨西哥、中美洲和其他地区的新移民面临着边缘化的生活。
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