List of Figures

Abstract

Fig. 2.1 Nature scene with road, crops, trees, and forest in rural Switzerland near the center of Canton Zurich | 3 Fig. 2.2 The white–yellow bright sun shines through a cloudless blue sky over the Mojave Desert | 4 Fig. 2.3 University of Pretoria Chemistry Professor Egmont Rohwer speaking on solar fuels from South Africa | 6 Fig. 2.4 Schematic overview of atmosphere layers above Earth and variation of temperature, gas pressure, and gas density as a function of height above Earth | 7 Fig. 2.5 The sun symbol of the Zia people in New Mexico | 10 Fig. 2.6 Sunflowers in a sunflower field | 11 Fig. 2.7 Buddhist temple in Jong-no district in Seoul, Korea | 12 Fig. 2.8 Sun Chariot from Trundholm | 13 Fig. 2.9 Construction of the first Lagrangian point L1 | 17 Fig. 2.10 Schematic of photonic recollision and escape probabilities on a leaf | 18 Fig. 2.11 Stochastic model of the canopy structure. | 20 Fig. 2.12 Hyytiälä forest and distribution of study sites with remote sensing image | 20 Fig. 2.13 Spectral features for leaves and green oranges obtained using the Vis/NIR (a) and SWIR (b) hyperspectral imaging systems | 23 Fig. 2.14 (a) Reflectance image, (b) binary image (mask), (c) ratio image, (d) histogram of frequencies | 24 Fig. 2.15 The solar spectrum | 30