Bubbles: A review of their relationship to the formation of thin films and porous materials

Abstract

Abstract Bubbles arise at the intersection of gases with other phases. Their role in the formation and applications of thin films and porous materials is complex. At times they are to be avoided. In other cases they are essential to the desired properties and outcomes. In many cases their function, form and production are misunderstood or disregarded. This review seeks to connect a diverse array of technical and fundamental aspects of bubbles so as to facilitate more control and understanding of their functions and utility