An Investigation of Proppant Transport in Friction Reducer Fluid Systems Utilizing a Large Slot Flow Apparatus

S. Drylie, R. Duenckel, R. Barree, B. Hlidek
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引用次数: 8

Abstract

Current unconventional reservoir development depends on an assumed network of induced fractures created by hydraulic fracturing operations that facilitate production. In many cases natural fractures are linked to the created fractures and also contribute to production. Only in some fraction of the created and natural fracture network will proppant have been placed during the fracturing operation. In order to model the production from these fracture systems, reservoir and completion engineers often make optimistic assumptions about propped fracture half-lengths based on inaccurate expectations regarding proppant transport and proppant pack behavior. This work addresses proppant transport behavior by presenting results from large-scale lab testing of proppant transport with a range of fluid rheologies utilizing a slot flow apparatus. Proppant transport tests were performed at multiple rates and proppant concentrations utilizing a 4-foot by 16-foot fracture slot. The primary testing objective was to compare proppant transport in friction reducer (FR)-based fluids against previously published results and other work that has been performed in this apparatus. Additional tests using guar based fluids of a similar nominal viscosity will be used for comparison and to demonstrate the need for other rheological properties for planning and predicting completion results. The results of this testing will provide a more realistic description of proppant transport. Through this enhanced understanding, reservoir and completion engineers will be able to make improved assumptions about propped fracture dimensions that will drive better decisions regarding fracture design, improving recovery, optimizing spacing, and field development while reducing the need for costly future interventions and refracturing treatments. After an introductory review of important conclusions from previously published work performed in this and other slots, the results of this testing will be used to evaluate the validity of these conclusions. Additionally, relationships and interactions between viscosity, rate, proppant concentration, and other fluid properties will be established and reviewed to facilitate the development of improved models for proppant transport in unconventional reservoirs. Much of the earlier lab work performed in slots of this scale was performed when crosslinked fluids were the preferred fluids in almost all applications. Since that time, the industry has shifted to a preference for slickwater fluids and other systems of much lower viscosity in the hope that increased velocity would make up for the loss in viscosity. This work will highlight where this hope is unrealized and when other fluid properties make the drop in viscosity less important than expected.
基于大槽流仪的减阻液系统支撑剂输运研究
目前非常规油藏的开发依赖于水力压裂作业产生的诱导裂缝网络,以促进生产。在许多情况下,天然裂缝与新建裂缝相连,也有助于生产。在压裂作业中,只有一小部分生成的和天然的裂缝网络会被放置支撑剂。为了模拟这些裂缝系统的产量,油藏和完井工程师通常会基于对支撑剂输送和支撑剂充填行为的不准确预期,对支撑裂缝半长做出乐观的假设。这项工作通过展示大型实验室测试的结果来解决支撑剂的运输行为,这些测试使用了一个槽流装置,包括一系列流体流变学。在4英尺× 16英尺的裂缝缝中,以多种速率和支撑剂浓度进行了支撑剂输送测试。测试的主要目的是将基于摩擦减速器(FR)的流体中的支撑剂输运效果与之前发表的结果和在该设备中进行的其他工作进行比较。使用具有相似标称粘度的瓜尔胶基流体进行的其他测试将用于比较,并证明在规划和预测完井结果时需要其他流变性能。该测试的结果将提供更真实的支撑剂运移描述。通过加深理解,油藏和完井工程师将能够对支撑裂缝尺寸做出更好的假设,从而在裂缝设计、提高采收率、优化间距和油田开发方面做出更好的决策,同时减少未来昂贵的干预和重复压裂处理的需求。在对以前发表的在这个和其他位置进行的工作的重要结论进行介绍性审查之后,该测试的结果将用于评估这些结论的有效性。此外,还将建立和审查粘度、速率、支撑剂浓度和其他流体性质之间的关系和相互作用,以促进非常规油藏支撑剂运移模型的改进。在此规模的井槽进行的早期实验室工作中,交联流体几乎是所有应用中首选的流体。从那时起,油气行业开始倾向于使用滑溜水和其他粘度低得多的体系,希望通过提高速度来弥补粘度的损失。这项工作将强调这一希望未实现的地方,以及其他流体特性使粘度下降的重要性低于预期的地方。
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