生與化：漢畫西王母圖像系統中的蟾蜍及其魂魄觀

Abstract

西王母的崇拜與信仰自漢代流傳至今而不絕，影響深遠，二十世紀以來，因漢畫像的出土發現，西王母圖像大量出現在漢代墓室祠堂中，這些考古材料又重新活化漢代西王母的研究。今考漢畫像西王母圖像系統，並非以單一主神出現，其空間語境多配以不同的輔助圖像。本文研究主要以漢畫像西王母仙境圖為探討範圍，以漢畫像西王母仙境圖中「必要圖像」蟾蜍為研究對象，並旁及「月中蟾」的討論﹔以見漢畫像中西王母與蟾蜍的配置關係，及漢代西王母的神格功能與象徵。歷來研究者多由「不死藥」連結蟾蜍與月亮、乃至於西王母的關係；而西王母在漢代墓室中其執掌又與靈魂的轉化再生有關，對漢畫像西王母仙境圖中蟾蜍圖像之考察，不死，是共同的焦點。此與古代漢人生死觀、魂魄觀有密切的關係，值得進一步梳理探討。  The worship and belief of the Queen Mother of the West（Xi Wang Mu） have been circulated and influenced since the Han Dynasty. Since the 20th century, due to the excavation of the portraits of the Han Dynasty, the images of the Xi Wang Mu appeared in the portraits of the tombs of the Han Dynasty. These archaeological materials undoubtedly reactivated the study of the Queen Mother of the West（Xi Wang Mu）of the Han Dynasty. In the Han Dynasty portrait stone, the image does not appear as a single main god, and its spatial context is often accompanied by different auxiliary images. This thesis mainly focuses on the West Queen Motherland of the Han Dynasty, and takes the "necessary image" the toad in the West Queen Motherland as the research object, and next to the discussion of " the toad in the moon ", to see the relationship between The Queen Mother of the West（Xi Wang Mu） and the toad in Han stone engraving, and The function and symbol of the goddess of The Queen Mother of the West. Traditional scholars have always been associated with the moon and even the Western Queen by "immortal medicine"; but the Western Queen Mother（Xi Wang Mu）is the chain of souls in the tomb of the Han Dynasty. It is a common focus on the image of the tomb in the Han Tomb. This is closely related to the ancient Han people’s outlook on life and death, and it is worth further exploration to sort out the relationship.