Investigating Side Effects of Existing Drugs Used in Covid-19 Treatment

Sleiman Alhajj, S. Gencer
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引用次数: 1

Abstract

Following the rapid spread and evolution of the novel Corona virus starting in December 2019, the lack of a vaccine or a medication that proved to be effective for Covid-19 was addressed as a major concern by the World Health Organization (WHO), the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) [1]. Accordingly, physicians from countries like China and Korea rushed to provide some potential treatment for Covid-19 from their experience in treating patients of the novel Coronavirus - they used antiviral medications like lopinavir, ritonavir, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, ribavirin, interferon, remdesivir, sofosbuvir, nitazoxanide, favipiravir, ivermectin, etc. [1]–[3]. These drugs showed improvement in conditions of Covid-19 patients when used individually, or sometimes using a combination of multiple of them. This does not mean that any combinations of these drugs could be beneficial. Some combinations can be lethal and may lead to increasing health risks or mortality. The drugs are being used in vitro (i.e., on cells in a laboratory for experiments) and vivo (i.e., on humans or animals as clinical trials). In vitro analysis, the chemical structure of the drug and the disease are analyzed to generate a hypothesis on the performance of the drug, then the hypothesis is tested in vivo to measure the actual performance of the drug on a living creature. Although these drugs showed promising results with proper dosage, overdose and incorrect combination with other drugs sometimes proved to be lethal. The effectiveness and side-effects of some of these drugs as reported by recent researchers and trials are described in this paper. We address some related research questions concerning the side effects of the covered drugs and their interaction with other drugs based on some well tested results extracted from approved web sites of drug-drug interactions. The findings are interesting and confirmed favipiravir as the most effective and safe compared to the others, and this coincides with and supports the announcement by Turkish Ministry of Health where favipiravir has been used in treating COVID-19 patients since the early days.
调查治疗Covid-19的现有药物的副作用
自2019年12月以来,新型冠状病毒迅速传播和演变,缺乏证明对Covid-19有效的疫苗或药物已成为世界卫生组织(世卫组织)、疾病控制和预防中心(CDC)和美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)关注的一个主要问题。因此,中国和韩国等国的医生根据他们治疗新型冠状病毒患者的经验,迅速提供了一些可能治疗Covid-19的药物——他们使用了洛匹那韦、利托那韦、氯喹、羟氯喹、利巴韦林、干扰素、瑞德西韦、索非布韦、尼唑昔尼德、法匹拉韦、伊维菌素等抗病毒药物。这些药物单独使用或有时联合使用多种药物时,对Covid-19患者的病情有所改善。这并不意味着这些药物的任何组合都是有益的。一些组合可能是致命的,并可能导致健康风险或死亡率增加。这些药物正在体外(即在实验室的细胞上进行实验)和体内(即在人类或动物身上进行临床试验)中使用。在体外分析中,对药物的化学结构和疾病进行分析,从而对药物的性能产生假设,然后对该假设进行体内测试,以测量药物在生物上的实际性能。虽然这些药物在适当的剂量下显示出良好的效果,但过量使用和与其他药物不正确的组合有时被证明是致命的。本文描述了最近研究人员和试验报告的一些这些药物的有效性和副作用。我们根据从已批准的药物相互作用网站中提取的一些经过良好测试的结果,解决了一些有关所涵盖药物的副作用及其与其他药物相互作用的相关研究问题。这些发现很有趣,证实了favipiravir是最有效和最安全的药物,这与土耳其卫生部宣布的从早期开始就使用favipiravir治疗COVID-19患者的声明相吻合并得到了支持。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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