Italo-Romance: Venetan

P. Cordin
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引用次数: 0

Abstract

Venetan belongs to the group of northern Italian dialects, which are characterized by the presence of some phonological and morphological features that are common to French dialects and are attributed to the Celtic substratum. However, numerous traces of the Venetic substratum distinguish the Venetan dialects from the other (Gallo-Italic) dialects. In the linguistic history of the Venetan dialects, Venice played a central role due to the political power achieved by the Venetian Republic and its commercial expansion into many Adriatic and Mediterranean countries. There, the Venetian dialect laid the foundations for the development of a “colonial Venetian,” which has been used for several centuries. In the 21st century, Venetan is still vital in three regions of northeastern Italy (Veneto, Trentino Alto-Adige, Friuli Venezia Giulia), in Istria, and in Dalmatia. Small Venetan-speaking communities are also found elsewhere in Europe as well as Canada, Australia, and North and South America. These were the destination countries for the numerous emigrants who left Veneto between the end of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century. Alongside several structural features that are common to the other northern Italian dialects, Venetan presents some distinctive properties. In phonology, apocope and syncope are restricted and consonant lenition in inter-vowel position is extensive. In verbal morphology, Venetan is characterized by the agglutination of the auxiliary ‘have’ with the clitic ghe, the alternation of the traditional Venetian form [ze] with the form [ɛ] for the auxiliary ‘be’ at present indicative 3rd persons, and the variety of past participle suffixes. In nominal derivation, some suffixes, such as the augmentatives -ón/-óne and -àso and the present participle suffix -ànte (which is used for the formation of nomina agentis) are very productive. In syntax, 2sg and 3sg/pl subject clitics are obligatory; dative and object clitics are used for doubling respectively datives and pronominal objects in the 1st and 2nd person; specific rules govern the structure of direct, indirect, and noncanonical interrogatives. The Venetan lexicon, which developed in several domains, particularly in marine (on the lagoon) and agricultural (on the mainland) contexts, mirrors the history of the region, revealing several traces of different strata (Celtic, Germanic, Greek, Slavic, Jewish, and French).
威尼斯语属于意大利北部方言,其特点是存在一些法语方言共有的语音和形态学特征,并归因于凯尔特基底。然而,威尼斯基底的大量痕迹将威尼斯方言与其他(高卢-斜体)方言区分开来。在威尼斯方言的语言历史中,威尼斯发挥了核心作用,因为威尼斯共和国取得了政治权力,并将其商业扩张到许多亚得里亚海和地中海国家。在那里,威尼斯方言为“殖民地威尼斯语”的发展奠定了基础,这种方言已经使用了几个世纪。在21世纪,威尼斯语在意大利东北部的三个地区(威尼托、特伦蒂诺-上阿迪杰、弗留利-威尼斯朱利亚)、伊斯特拉和达尔马提亚仍然至关重要。在欧洲、加拿大、澳大利亚、北美和南美的其他地方也发现了小型的讲越南语的社区。这些国家是19世纪末至20世纪上半叶离开威尼托的众多移民的目的地国家。除了其他意大利北部方言共有的几个结构特征外,威尼斯语还呈现出一些独特的特性。在音系学上,离音和晕厥是有限的,元音间位置的辅音弱化是广泛存在的。在词形上,威尼斯语的特点是助动词“have”和形容词“ghe”的粘合,在现在指示性第三人称中助动词“be”的传统威尼斯语形式[ze]和形式[j]的交替,以及过去分词后缀的多样性。在名义派生中,一些后缀,如助词-ón/-óne和-àso以及现在分词后缀-ànte(用于形成名义代理)是非常有效的。在语法上,2sg和3sg/pl是必须的主语键;加格和宾格限定词分别用于第一人称和第二人称的格和代词宾语的加倍;具体的规则支配着直接疑问句、间接疑问句和非规范疑问句的结构。在几个领域,特别是海洋(在泻湖上)和农业(在大陆上)语境中发展起来的威尼斯语词汇,反映了该地区的历史,揭示了不同阶层(凯尔特语、日耳曼语、希腊语、斯拉夫语、犹太语和法语)的一些痕迹。
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