The Growth Tesseract: A Scientific View of Firms’ Growth Opportunities

Abstract

This lightweight, yet scientific, paper explores the four ways a firm can grow: by increasing reach, breadth, depth, and value. It builds on the traditions of Penrose, Williamson, Teece, and Grossman and Hart, and others who explored vertical and lateral integration. The scientific underpinning is found in Canback (2002): Bureaucratic Limits of Firm Size.