Biostatistical Models of Antibiotic Residues in Soil Water Due to the Use of Poultry Manure

Abstract

The intensive use of poultry manure is a significant environmental risk to soil water. Manure composition emissions can be effected by soil water with the application of poultry manure. The vectors to represent the relationship between soil water characteristics and antibiotic were generated. A Semi-empirical Richards equation is employed to the biostatistical models of soil moisture while precise solutions of Richards equation obtained by using the (G′/G) expansion method and the homogeneous balance method. Then the biostatistical models which involve several variables including soil moisture content, soil depth and timescales were assumed according to the exact solutions of Semi-empirical Richards equation. At least one antibiotic was detected in all the soil water and poultry manure samples. Results confirmed that the contamination of vegetables by fecal bacteria is mainly due to the use of poultry manure. INTRODUCTION The large-scale and intensified development of livestock and poultry breeding has resulted in a large number of veterinary antibiotics being used in the aquaculture industry and increasing year by year. Accumulation of antibiotics in the organism. To satisfy the increasing demand for vegetables, despite the poverty of coastal soils and land pressure, farmers tend to intensify production by using mineral and organic fertilizers and pesticides. Today, poultry manure is frequently used as fertilizer in the study area. And poultry manure has been used as effective fertilizers for centuries. It is very low, after the body absorbs a small part, it undergoes metabolic reactions such as hydroxylation, cleavage, and glucuronidation to produce inactive products, and about 60% to 90% pass through feces as it is. Excretion of urine and excrement of livestock and poultry have undoubtedly become one of the main sources of environmental pollution by antibiotics. The drug design of antibiotics is mainly to kill pathogenic pathogens. Once they enter the environment, they will inevitably pose a potential threat to other organisms in the environment. Firstly, the resistant pathogenic bacteria or variant pathogens in livestock and poultry are produced and continuously released into the environment. Secondly, livestock and poultry continue to excrete these antibiotics or their metabolites into the environment, so that drug resistant pathogens and mutant pathogens in the environment are continuously generated. Both of these in turn stimulated the producers to increase the dosage and renew the drug varieties, which resulted in a vicious circle of “drug-contaminated environment → emergence of drug-resistant or mutated pathogens → increased dosages → environmental pollution”. Fertilization by poultry manure has shown an important variance in soil water chemical characteristics. The state for regional soil moisture reserve is the strategic storage of water resources in the district. The distribution of soil moisture directly affects the supply of groundwater resources, determines the amount of water, which is absorbed from the soil and evaporated by the earth’s surface plants, plays a decisive factor for plants’ productivity, and also is regarded as strategic factors influencing the ecological environment security, the economic development and the people’s lives in arid and semi-arid areas ([1]). The intensive use of poultry manure and other animal feces are a significant environmental risk to soil water. Presence of antibiotic and soil water physicochemical properties played key roles in degradation of numerous molecules and other processing. Fertilization is the commonest managing agricultural soils, and for a long time, intensive farming appealed to fertilizer to increase yields. Then livestock and poultry excrement will constitute one of the main reasons for the non-point source pollution of antibiotics Review Article Biostatistical Models of Antibiotic Residues in Soil Water Due to the use of Poultry Manure Bin Zhao1*, Kuiyun Huang1, Xia Jiang2, Jinming Cao3 1College of Science, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 2Hospital, Hubei University of Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China 3School of Information and Mathematics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China Central Bringing Excellence in Open Access   Zhao et al. (2018) Email: zhaobin835@nwsuaf.edu.cn 2/6 J Vet Med Res 5(10): 1161 (2018) in China. Therefore, based on the research results in recent years, combining the use of antibiotics in the livestock and poultry industry and the status of residues, this paper analyzes the fate and environmental risks of livestock and poultry excrement in soil, and puts forward the corresponding mathematical model. Darcy law is a fundamental theoretical method to describe the motion law of soil moisture, therefore a variety of Richards equations are deduced. For the nonlinear partial differential equations, the previous research method is to discuss their definite solutions and we commonly can acquire their numerical solution through the numerical method. Whether the analytical solution of Richards equations, which describes the change of soil moisture content with the change of time and space position in Darcy’s law, has been the expectation. If we substitute some empirical representations of hydraulic conductivity and water diffusivity into Richards equations, the exact solution of Richards equation on soil moisture content, soil depth and time is of great significance. Furthermore, the greater parts of antibiotic were found in the soil water by poultry manure. According to the literature, few studies have dealt with the dynamics of antibiotic residues in soil water due to the use of poultry manure. In the past few years, many powerful methods to construct exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations have been established and developed such as the homogeneous balance method ([2-4]), the (G′/G)-expansion method ([5,6]), the exp-function method ([7,8]) and so on. One of the most effective and direct methods for constructing exact solutions of nonlinear differential equations is the (G′/G)expansion method which is often used in finding exact solutions of nonlinear differential equation. The (G′/G)expansion method, first introduced by Wang et al. ([5]), has been widely used to search for various exact solutions of NLEEs ([9-11]). The (G′/G)expansion method is based on the explicit linearization of nonlinear differential equations for traveling waves with a certain substitution which leads to a second-order differential equation with constant coefficients ([14-16]). Finding an exact solution for Richards equation, by using the (G′/G)expansion method, is the main goal of the present study. BIOSTATISTICAL MODELS AND EXPLANATIONS First of all, we introduce a form of Richards equations as follows: ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) θ θ θ θ θ θ θ θ ∂   ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂     = + + +       ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂       K D D D t x x y y z z z , (2.1) Where ( ) θ D denotes water diffusivity; ( ) θ ± K denotes hydraulic conductivity; t denotes time; θ denotes soil moisture content; , , x y z denote coordinate axes. If the soil moisture content is lower than the saturated (unsaturated) moisture content with little change, we take as ( ) θ = D a , where a is a constant. Many researchers have committed themselves to estimating soil hydraulic conductivity, as a result, various empirical representations of hydraulic conductivity are proposed. We assume that ([12,13]) unsaturated hydraulic conductivity is calculated by using the Libardi method, that is ( ) ( ) { } 0 0 exp θ β θ θ = − K K (2.2) Where β is a constant; 0 K and 0 θ are the values of K and θ during steady-state infiltration, respectively. Next, we have intend to simplify equation (2.1), in other words, here we only consider the case that soil moisture flows in the vertical direction, and therefore we have ( ) ( ) θ θ θ θ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂   = +   ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂   K D t z z z . (2.3) By substituting ( ) θ = D a and equation (2.2) into equation (2.3), hence the following semi-empirical Richards equation is obtained: