Learning Theories and Cultural Intelligence (CQ): A Literature Review Study and Mapping of CQ Development Method

Abstract

The emerging of globalization makes the importance of cultural intelligence (CQ) acknowledged both by researchers and practitioners. Therefore, many researchers have their focus on how to develop someone’s CQ. Although there have been many studies related to methods to develop CQ, but there are still few related to learning theories. whereas learning theories should become references when talking about teaching or developing someone including the development of CQ. Moreover, there is still limited research that tried to map or compare the method used to develop someone’s CQ. This paper will try to fill that gap. The paper used systematical literature review of papers related to CQ development. From the review, it was found that the method to develop someone CQ can be categories into traditional class, direct experiential, and indirect experiential. From the mapping process of the CQ development method into these categories, it is known that most of previous research focuses on using direct experiential learning process. However, there is no research of CQ development that combine the direct experiential and indirect experiential as well as combination of the three categories. Through those findings, this paper suggests some possibilities for further research that can benefit both the body of knowledge and people who want to develop CQ.