A Clinical Study of Spectrum of Liver Diseases in Alcoholic with Respect to Predictors of Severity and Prognosis

Tilottama Parate, Pankaj A. Chavan, R. Parate
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Abstract

Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is the second most common cause of mortality in humans every year occurring due to overconsumption of alcohol. The spectrum of ALD includes fatty liver/steatosis, alcoholic hepatitis, steatohepatitis, chronic hepatitis with liver fibrosis or cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The diagnosis of ALD can generally be made based on clinical and laboratory features alone in patients with a history of significant alcohol consumption. Prognostic scores such as Child-Pugh classification, MELD, MELD-Na, and Maddrey’s discriminant function (MDF) are used commonly to predict mortality in patients with ALD.The aim of the study is to evaluate the spectrum of liver diseases in alcoholic patients and factors predicting severity and prognosis in such patients. This was a prospective, longitudinal and observational study conducted on 83 patients with ALD admitted in medicine inpatient department from January 2019 to December 2020. Demographic data, biochemical parameters, and clinical features of the patients were evaluated. From the data obtained prognostic scores of Child-Pugh classification, MELD, MELD-Na, and MDF were calculated. Patients were clinically evaluated and all the biochemical parameters and scores were assessed on admission and after the 7th and 30th days. The majority of the patients were males (95.18%) with a mean age of 49.44 ± 7.67. The mean duration of hospital stay of the patients was 34.33 ± 12.98 and approximately 76% of the patients were still consuming alcohol at the time of hospitalisation. Jaundice and ascites were present in all 83 patients, and loss of appetite (85.5%) and nausea and vomiting (78.3%) were the most common clinical features. Complications such as hepatic encephalopathy (85.5%) and oesophageal varices (80.72%) were common on admission. MELD and MELD-Na score > 24 was found in 59 patients and discriminant function (DF) score was more than 32 in 81 patients. Mortality analysis showed that 6 (7.2%) patients died within 1 week of admission and MELD was found to be the best predictor of mortality compared to CTP, MELD-Na, and DF by 7 days. Thirty-two (38.5%) patients died within 30 days of admission. MELD-Na was found to be the best predictor of mortality compared to CTP, MELD, and DF by 30 days. The presence of ascites, hepatic encephalopathy, high bilirubin, low albumin, high creatinine, high INR, and low sodium is found to be independent predictors of mortality. MELD and MELD-Na are good predictors of mortality over the short-term (7–30 days).
酒精性肝病谱与严重程度及预后预测因子的临床研究
酒精性肝病(ALD)是人类每年因过度饮酒而死亡的第二大常见原因。ALD的频谱包括脂肪肝/脂肪变性、酒精性肝炎、脂肪性肝炎、慢性肝炎伴肝纤维化或肝硬化和肝细胞癌。ALD的诊断通常可仅根据有大量饮酒史的患者的临床和实验室特征作出。预后评分如Child-Pugh分类、MELD、MELD- na和Maddrey判别函数(MDF)通常用于预测ALD患者的死亡率。该研究的目的是评估酒精患者的肝脏疾病谱系以及预测这类患者严重程度和预后的因素。这是一项前瞻性、纵向和观察性研究,对2019年1月至2020年12月住院的83例ALD患者进行了研究。评估患者的人口学资料、生化指标和临床特征。根据所得数据计算Child-Pugh分级、MELD、MELD- na和MDF的预后评分。对患者进行临床评价,于入院时、第7天、第30天进行各项生化指标及评分。患者以男性为主(95.18%),平均年龄49.44±7.67岁。患者的平均住院时间为34.33±12.98,约76%的患者在住院时仍在饮酒。83例患者均出现黄疸和腹水,最常见的临床特征是食欲不振(85.5%)和恶心呕吐(78.3%)。入院时常见的并发症有肝性脑病(85.5%)和食管静脉曲张(80.72%)。59例患者MELD和MELD- na评分> 24分,81例患者判别功能评分> 32分。死亡率分析显示,6例(7.2%)患者在入院1周内死亡,与CTP、MELD- na和DF相比,MELD被发现是7天死亡率的最佳预测因子。32例(38.5%)患者在入院30天内死亡。与CTP、MELD和DF相比,MELD- na被发现是30天死亡率的最佳预测因子。发现腹水、肝性脑病、高胆红素、低白蛋白、高肌酐、高INR和低钠的存在是死亡率的独立预测因素。MELD和MELD- na是短期(7-30天)死亡率的良好预测指标。
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