Analytical study on social change in Tunisia from the pre-colonial period to Arab spring

Hamda Ghalib M. G. Almheiri, A. Shuriye
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Abstract

There are natural forces of circumstances that control human system; inclination of change in man is very high and quick, however, occurrence of change has become constant and unchanging nature of life. In fact, that has become permanent phenomenon in human society. What are the components that changes in man’s life, behavior and characters, dogmas and beliefs, customs, norms and values, or all together? This research aims to provide an answer to the above question, through the study of radical socio-political changes in Tunisia from Precolonial Period until 2011 Revolution. Tunisia which is one of the most beautiful society, and the model of profound radical change at times, such as the revolution that sparked the Arab Spring (al-Raī’u al-‘Arabī) which is expected to change the Arabs world in twenty years or more, and in another time, an example of gradual change that takes a long time, as it happened during the time of independence and Bourguiba’s negotiation with the French colonists. In fact, Tunisia is claimed to be considered as the citadel of the West and the model that all the countries of the South must adopt and follow. This research has revealed that the phenomenon of radical change has occurred twice in Tunisia after its independence in 1956: first: when Habib Bourguiba issued the family code after four months from the independence, in which he abolished the legitimate provisions that related to religion and faith of the citizens by the force of law, and consequently followed by the series of decisions until the end of Bin Ali's reign, secondly: when Bu’azīzī set fire on himself, in fact as if he set the whole Arabs world ablaze. The research has figured out that Tunisia has been a pioneer in many fields, including its leadership in the establishment of the first educational institution in the sense of the university - Zaytuna University, it also pioneered the application of a new concept in the ideological war waged against the Islamists; policy of the sources drains which has become an exemplary strategy in the global war on the terrorism, as well as its application to finance, liquidation and others. The research confirmed that there are some symbolic community titles and ranks such as mysticism leaders, chief Shūrā of al-Mālikiyyah Council, first Imam of al-Zaytūnah Mosque, representing the moral weight in Tunisian society and playing vital roles in the community as well, especially in reconciling and bringing people of different segments in the society together on the public interests. In addition, the public Awqāfroles were also very essential, where its activities did not only limit to the Tunisian citizens but there were also allotted amount to the two Holy Mosques (Makkah and Madinah Mosques). The research concluded that the change occurs in any given society through one of these ways: law, principle of education and force, and for different purposes, including: Human need for dignity and personal respect, social need for justice and political need for freedom. What usually changes in man is conduct, by changing the values governing behaviors, through the interference in people’s identity, language and religion. In a nutshell, there is a definite effect between the system adopted by the authority and the impact of this system on the societal, economical and moral structures.
前殖民时期到阿拉伯之春期间突尼斯社会变迁分析研究
环境的自然力量控制着人类系统;人类的变化倾向是非常强烈和迅速的,然而,变化的发生已经成为生活的常态和不变的本质。事实上,这已经成为人类社会的永久现象。人的生活、行为和性格、教条和信仰、习俗、规范和价值观或所有这些变化的组成部分是什么?本研究旨在通过对突尼斯从前殖民时期到2011年革命的激进社会政治变化的研究,为上述问题提供答案。突尼斯是最美丽的社会之一,有时也是深刻的激进变革的典范,比如引发阿拉伯之春的革命(al- ra ' ual - ' arabi '),预计将在20年或更长时间内改变阿拉伯世界,另一次,一个渐进变化的例子,需要很长时间,因为它发生在独立和布尔吉巴与法国殖民者的谈判期间。事实上,突尼斯被认为是西方的堡垒,是所有南方国家必须采用和遵循的模式。这项研究表明,突尼斯在1956年独立后发生了两次激进变化的现象:第一次是哈比卜·布尔吉巴在独立后四个月颁布了家庭法典,其中他以法律的力量废除了与公民的宗教和信仰有关的合法规定,随后是一系列决定,直到本·阿里统治结束;第二次是:当布阿兹·扎伊自焚时,实际上就好像他点燃了整个阿拉伯世界。研究发现,突尼斯在许多领域都是先驱,包括它领导建立了第一所大学意义上的教育机构——扎伊图纳大学,它还在反对伊斯兰主义者的意识形态战争中率先应用了一种新概念;来源枯竭政策已成为全球反恐战争的典范战略,并将其应用于金融、清算等方面。研究证实,有一些象征性的社区头衔和等级,如神秘主义领袖,al-Mālikiyyah理事会的首席Shūrā, al-Zaytūnah清真寺的第一伊玛目,代表了突尼斯社会的道德权重,在社区中也发挥着重要作用,特别是在调和和将社会不同阶层的人聚集在一起的公共利益。此外,公众Awqāfroles也非常重要,其活动不仅限于突尼斯公民,而且还分配给两个神圣清真寺(麦加和麦地那清真寺)。研究得出的结论是,在任何特定的社会中,变化都是通过法律、教育原则和武力中的一种方式发生的,并且目的不同,包括:人类对尊严和个人尊重的需要,社会对正义的需要和政治对自由的需要。人通常改变的是行为,通过改变支配行为的价值观,通过干涉人们的身份、语言和宗教。简而言之,当局采取的制度与该制度对社会、经济和道德结构的影响之间存在着明确的影响。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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